이 자료는 미국 NFSJDBO $PVODJM PO &EVDBUJPO($&)에서 발간한 “ #SJFG (VJEF UP 6.4. )JHIFS &EVDBUJPO”(2007년판)을 $&로부터 비상업적 용도로 사용할 것을 허락받아 한국대학교육협의회 국제협력팀에서 번역발간한 것이다. 자료의 번역 및 발간을 허락해준 $&측에 감사드린다.

목 차

제 1장 미국 고등교육 개관··············································································································1 미국 고등교육의 특징·······················································································································1

제 2장 미국 고등교육 기관 유형····································································································3 2년제 고등교육기관··························································································································5 4년제 고등교육기관··························································································································6 기타 유형의 고등교육기관···············································································································7

제 3장 정부의 역할····························································································································9 연방 정부·············································································································································9 주 정부··············································································································································10 지방 자치 정부································································································································11

제 4장 대학 재정·····························································································································12 대학 세입의 원천····························································································································12 정부····················································································································································14 기부금················································································································································15 발전기금············································································································································16 고등교육 비용··································································································································16 학자금 지원······································································································································17 연방정부 프로그램··························································································································19

제 5장 평가인증제도·······················································································································22 평가인증의 목적······························································································································22 평가인증의 유형······························································································································22 평가인증 절차··································································································································23 기관인정 절차··································································································································24

제 6장 대학행정의 구조·················································································································25 이사회················································································································································25 총장····················································································································································25 최고학사운영자································································································································27 기타 부총장······································································································································28 대학원장············································································································································28

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단과대학장········································································································································28 학과장················································································································································28 기타 대학경영진······························································································································29 교수평의회········································································································································29

제 7장 교수·······································································································································31 임용과 직급······································································································································31 교수진에서의 여성과 소수민족····································································································33 역할과 책임······································································································································33 정년보장············································································································································34

제8장 학부교육·································································································································37 학부학생의 특성······························································································································37 학위····················································································································································39 입학····················································································································································39 학사일정············································································································································41 교육과정의 구조······························································································································42 교수학습에서의 특성······················································································································44 학생 학습성과에 대한 평가··········································································································45 학교생활과 운동부··························································································································46

제 9장 대학원 ·································································································································48 학위····················································································································································48 입학····················································································································································49 재정지원············································································································································49

제 10장 외국인 유학생···················································································································51 입학····················································································································································51 재정 지원··········································································································································51

제 11장 고등교육 관련 협회 ·······································································································53 기관회원 협회··································································································································53 개인회원 협회··································································································································54

제 12장 고등교육분야의 정책 과제·····························································································55 책무성················································································································································55 접근성과 기회균등··························································································································55 고등교육의 이용가능성··················································································································57 평생교육············································································································································57

국제화················································································································································58

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제 1장 미국 고등교육 개관

본G저는G미국G고등교육의G구조와G기능에G관하여G간결하고도G포괄적인G견해를G제공할G것이 다UG본G저는G미국G고등교육G시스템에G관한G개괄적인G정보를G얻고자G하는G외국의G정책G입안자들SG고등교육G기관장들SG현직G교원G및G학생들G그리고G일반G미국인을G위해G기획되었다U

미국 고등교육의 특징

미국G외G국가의G대학에서G고등교육을G받은G사람들이라면SG미국G고등교육기관이G여러G면에 서G매우G특색G있음을G발견할G수G있을G것이다UG특히G고등교육G사업의G규모SG그리고G고등교육기관G유형과G각G기관의G관리방식SG학생들이G이들G기관에G입학하고자G할G때의G준비사항G및G 고려사항의G다양성SG아울러G학부G과정G커리큘럼이G사실상G미국G고등교육의G가장G독특한G특성들이라고G할G수G있다UG인지O人智P를G늘리고G학생들을G가르친다는G고등교육의G목적은G전세계적으로G공통되지만SG미국의G고등교육은G세계G여타G국가의G고등교육과G뚜렷하게G다른G점들이G분명G있다U

GGXUG미국의 고등교육 사업은 그 규모가 매우 크고 다양하다.GYWW[TW\년에G미국G전역의G

XPGjouncilGforGoigherGlducationGhccreditationUGOYWW]PUG{heGconditionGofGaccreditationaG|UzUGaccreditationG inGYWW\UG~ashingtonSGkjaGhuthorU

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]S_X[개의G평가인증된OaccreditedPG고등교육기관에G약GY천만G명의G학생이G등록했다UG 이중GZS[WW개G가량이G전통적인G종합대학G및G대학들이고G나머지가G사립G전문대학OcareerGcollegesP들이었다U\PG고등교육기관들은G공립G혹은G사립으로서SG후자의G경우G 아직은G적은G숫자이지만G증가G추세에G있는G영리G목적의G대학들이G포함되어G있다UG이들G 대학들의G운영G주체는G종교와G연관있는G경우도G있고G아닌G경우도G있으며SG등록G학생G 수도G매우G큰G규모O\WSWWW명G이상P를G자랑하는G수준부터G매우G작은G수OY~ZWW명P까지G 다양하다UG이들G기관들의G상대적인G강세는G사회적G평판도SG소요G비용SG지리적G위치SG그리고G양질의G시설G등G시장의G힘에G상당히G크게G영향을G받는다UG공립G기관들의G경우SG주정부G재정지원에G비해G빠르게G증가하는G비용G때문에G학교G운영을G유지하기G위해G학생G 등록금G및G수업료SG그리고G정부G보조금G및G개인G기부금에G대한G의존도를G계속해서G늘려왔다UG종종G개인의G기부금G액수로G대변되는G대학들의G상대적인G재정G자원의G차이는G 각G대학을G교육G시장에서G유리한G혹은G불리한G위치에G있게G하는G매우G중요한G요소이 다UG한정된G수의G대학들만이G큰G규모의G발전기금을G보유하고G있는데SG이는G[장에서G상세히G다루도록G하겠다U

미국의G고등교육은G이외에도G많은G특색을G지니고G있지만SG위의G네G가지는G미국의G고등교육을G이해하는데G있어G가장G중점이G되는G사항들이다U

\PGjouncilGforGoigherGlducationGhccreditationUG{heGconditionGofGaccreditationU

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제 2장 미국 고등교육 기관 유형

미국G고등교육G기관들의G명칭은G각G주마다G상이한G규정과G관례G때문에G매우G혼동하기G쉽다UG예를G들어SG대학교OuniversityP란G이름을G지닌G많은G기관들이G석사G이후의G학위G과정을G 제공하지G않거나G일부G기관들의G경우G학사G이후의G과정도G없는G경우가G있다UG반면G어떤G대학OcollegeP들은G박사G학위를G수여한다UG캘리포니아G공과대학과G매사추세츠G공과대학G등G몇몇G명문G종합G연구중심대학은G기관OinstituteP란G명칭으로G알려져G있기도G있다UG게다가SG collegeSGinstituteSG혹은Guniversity의G명칭을G쓰는G기관들G중에는G평가인증을G받지G않았으나G학위나G수료증을G수여하는G경우도G있다U

다U

카네기재단G고등교육기관G분류법G기초G해설

카네기재단G고등교육기관G분류법은GX`^W년에G연구G목적으로G제정된G것으로G미국G전역에서G통용되는G시스템이다UG이G분류G시스템은G그G동안G몇G번의G개정을G거쳤고SG가장G최근의G개정은GYWW\년에G 이루어졌다UGYWW\년G개정은G미국G고등교육을G이해하기G위한G몇G가지G다른G방법을G제공하는G복합

적이고G병렬적인G분류G세트를G도입하였는데SG학부G교육G프로그램SG대학원G교육G프로그램SG등록생G

분석SG학부생G분석SG기관의G규모G및G환경G등이G분류에G이용되는G정보들이다UG그G외의G기관들이G자율적으로G참여하는GI선택적OelectivePIG분류법도G있다UG이G같은G분류법G중G하나인G공동체G연계OcommunityGengagementPG분류법은G이미G사용G중에G있으며G다른G몇G가지G분류법들도G현재G개발G 중에G있다U

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￭G석사G대학G혹은G석사G대학교OmasterNsGcollegesGandGuniversitiesPaG연간G최소G\W개의G석사학위를G수여하는G기관

특정G연계G분야에G집중된G학위G수여를G하는G경우

￭G부족G대학OtribalGcollegesPaG아메리카G원주민G고등교육G컨소시엄의G회원대학G및G대학교

출처aG{heGjarnegieGmoundationGforGtheGhdvancementGofG{eachingGOYWW]PUGiasicGclassificationG descriptionUGwwwUcarnegiefoundationUorgVclassificationsVindexUaspfkeyd^`XUG참조

c표GXeG기관유형G및G관리주체에G따른G고등교육G기관G수G및G학생G수

GOYWW\년G가을G기준P

기관유형공립비관영리리주G사체립영리G사립계

주의aG이G표에는G미국G고등교육법G{itleTⅣ의G적용을G받는G미국내G학위수여기관만을G포함하며SG미국령G지역의G기관들은G포함하지G않았다UG

c표GXe에서G보여지듯SG고등교육을G받고자G하는G학생들의G대다수는G공립G기관에G등록하고G 있으며G이들G중G절반에G가까운G학생들이G공립GY년제G기관에G등록하고G있다UG영리를G목적으로G하는G사립학교의G경우G미국G고등교육G분야에서G가장G작은G부문을G차지하지만SG이들G기관수는G가장G빠르게G증가하고G있기도G하다UG또한G각각의G기관G유형G내에서도G상당히G많은G다 양성이G여전히G존재함을G유념할G필요가G있다U

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2년제 고등교육기관

지역전문대학

]PGhmericanGhssociationGofGjommunityGjollegesUGOYWW]PUGmactsGYWW]UG~ashingtonSGkjaGhuthorUG wwwYUaaccUncheUeduVpdfsVfactsheetW]UpdfUG참조

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GGGGcUG학점G이수와G관계없이G성인교육G혹은G취미로G평생교육G과정에G참여하고자

4년제 고등교육기관

학사 대학

석사 대학 및 대학교

박사 수여 기관

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정을G모두G제공한다UG의학SG치의학SG법학G등과G같은G전문G분야는G석∙박사G과정만을G제공하며G 학사과정에는G준비G교육G과정이G있다UG이들G대학교들은G종종G교육G기능이G배제된G부설G연구소를G두기도G한다U

기타 유형의 고등교육기관

미국G고등교육G기관G중에는G보다G중소G규모G유형의G기관들도G있다UG소규모G유형은G다음G 기관들을G포함한다U

소수 민족을 위한 고등교육기관

영리를 목적으로 하는 고등교육기관

_PGjookGMGjordovaUGtinoritiesGinGhigherGeducationU

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^`개나G엄연히G존재하며SG미국에서G가장G큰G사립대학인G피닉스G대학교가G이에G속한다UG YWWZ년G이들G기관에G등록한G학생수는G전체G미국G고등교육G수혜G학생G수의G[L에G불과하지만SG이G그룹은G미국G고등교육G분야에서G가장G빠르게G성장OX``Z년에GYY]S_X_명이던G학생G수가GYWWZ년에는G^WYS]`[명으로GYXWL나G증가P하고G있다UXYPG영리목적의G사립기관은G전체G기관수의GYYLSG전체G학생G수의G]L를G차지한다UOc표GXeG참조P

XYPGpbidU

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제 3장 정부의 역할

연방 정부

여타G국가와는G달리G미국G연방정부의G경우G정부부처인G교육부가G고등교육G분야에G대한G일반적인G통제권을G가지고G있지G않으며SG주요한G고등교육G재정G지원G출처도G아니다UG그러나G 일부G고등교육G기관들은G연구개발G보조금G그리고G특정한G분야의G교육과정O예를G들어SG직업훈련과정SG외국어교육과정SG장애학생G교육과정G등P에G대한G지원금으로G상당G금액을G연방G정부로부터G수여G받기도G한다UG대부분의G기관들은G또한G연방정부가G대학G재학생들의G수업료G 및G생활비의G일정G부분을G지원하기G위해G시행하는G대규모G학생G재정G지원G프로그램G등을G통해G간접적인G정부G지원G혜택을G받고G있다UGc표GYe에서G보는G바와G같이SG고등교육G부문의G연방G정부G지원은G현저하게G증가하였는데SG그G중에서도G학생G지원금이G가장G큰G비율로G증가하였고SG종래에는G학생들이G상환해야G할G학자금G대출G보조금이G학생G지원금의G가장G큰G부분을G 차지하였다UG

c표GYeG연방정부의G대O對PG대학G및G대학교G지원

GOX``W년G및GYWW\년G기준P X``WYWW\

Y_W억G달러XP

주GXaGhjl의G분석으로G산정한G예상치

연방정부가G비록G대학G및G대학교G운영에G직접적인G지원을G하지는G않지만SG과학G분야의G 연구비G지원이나G학생G재정G지원G등을G통해G이루어지는G정부G지원금은G일부G기관들에게는G 매우G중요한G세입원이다UG그리고G이는G다시G연방정부가G다른G분야의G대학이나G대학교들에G 끼칠G수G있는G영향력을G증대하는G요소로G작용한다UG예를G들어SG한G기관이G재정G지원G프로 그램에G참가하고자G할G경우SG교수G양성이라던가G대학G운동부에서의G양성평등과G같은G특정G 주제에G관해G연방정부에G보고서를G제출해야G하는G등G정부의G광범위한G요구조건에G응해야만G 한다UG또한G대학이G정부G기금G혜택을G받기G위해서는G특정G연방법을G존중해야만G하는데SG X`][년G제정된GjivilGyightsGhctSGX``W년에G제정된GhmericansGwithGkisabilitiesGhctSG그리고G사람G및G동물G실험에G관계되는G법G등이G이에G해당한다UG한G기관이G연방정부의G연구G및G 시설G개발G지원G대상에G우선G선정되면G세간의G이목을G끌게G되고G외부G기금을G받는G등G기관G 활동에G상당한G영향력을G주게G된다UG연방정부의G영향력이G증대되기는G하였으나SG학문적G

TG`GT

결정이나G내부G관리와G같은G영역에서G연방정부의G역할은G여전히G매우G제한적이다UG사실G학생G 재정G지원G프로그램을G관리하는G미국G교육부는G교과목G내용G수립이나G커리큘럼G관련G통제를G 시행하는G입법G행위를G하는G것이G금지되어G있다U

다U

미국G교육부는G고등교육G기관들에G교부되는G연방정부G지원금의G집행을G관리·감독한다UG 교육부의G주요G역할을G다음과G같다U

주 정부

미국G내G\W개G주는G각각G하나의G주립G대학G시스템을G지원한다UG이G시스템은G박사학위수여G 대학교들과SG거의G모든G주에G있는G지역G석사대학G및G대학교들SG그리고G지역전문대학들로G구성되어G있다UG하나의G이사회와G연합대학G시스템G총장이G각기G다른G이들G대학들을G통합G관리·감독할G수도G있고SG각G대학이G저마다의G이사회G및G행정구조를G가질G수도G있다UG이사회G멤버는G주지사가G임명하거나G주민G투표를G통해G선출하기도G한다UGO지역전문대학의G이사회G멤버는G대부분G투표를G통해G결정된다UPG이사회는G연합대학G시스템G총장OsystemGchancellorGorG presidentP이라G불리는G시스템G수뇌를G결정한다UG시스템G총장은G이사회는G시스템G전반에G걸친G정책G수립G및G우선G순위를G결정하고SG예산을G조정하며SG관할권G내에G속한G해당G대학을G 변호한다UG시스템G총장은G분교G캠퍼스의G총장을G관리·감독하고G새로운G캠퍼스G총장을G고용하기도G한다U

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건G수립SG그리고G교육기관G간G전학G절차G및G규칙G조정G등이G이들이G수행하는G주요G기능들이 다UG이들G위원회의G제반G활동은G독립O비영리사립PG대학들보다는G공립G대학들에G더G큰G영향을G끼친다U

지방 자치 정부

지역전문대학들은G대부분G공립G기관이며G각G주G정부로부터G상당한G규모의G지원을G받는다UG 그러나G몇몇G주O예를G들어SG캘리포니아주나G메릴랜드주P의G경우G주G정부가G관리G및G운영G정책을G수립하지만SG주로G지방G자치G정부로부터G재정적G지원을G받는다UG

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제 4장 대학 재정

학생이나G그G가족이G지불하는G등록금은G고등교육의G전체G비용G중에서G일부만을G차지한다UG 나머지G부분은G다양한G수입원을G통해G충당된다UGc표GZeSc표G[eSc표G\eO이G페이지와G다음G 페이지G참조P에서는G평균적인G수준의G공립G대학이나G사립대학의G세입과G세출에G대한G전반적인G구조를G보여주고G있다UO대학의G설립G유형에G따라G서로G다른G회계절차를G따르고G있기G때문에SG공립과G사립간의G직접적인G비교는G적절하지G않을G수G있다UP

대학 세입의 원천

고등교육G재정에서G가장G주요한G세입원으로는G크게G학생과G학부모가G지불하는G등록금O학생들이G수업료를G지불하기G위해G이용하는G연방정부G프로그램에G따른G재정지원OfinancialG aidPG포함PSG그리고G연방정부SG주정부SG지방정부로부터G나오는G정부지출금OappropriationPSG보조금OgrantPSG사업비OcontractPSG마지막으로G기금OendowmentPSG개인G기부OprivateGgiftsPSG판매와G기타G서비스G등이G있다UG다양한G세입원G중에서도G대학의G유형에G따라G특정G세입원의G 중요도에G차이가G나타난다UGc표GZeSGc표G[eSGc표G\e에서G볼G수G있는G것처럼SG주정부나G지방정부의G지원G금액이G공립대학의G경우G세입의GZ^L를G차지하는G반면G사립대학에서는GYL에G 불과하다UG학생G등록금의G경우G공립G대학에G비해G사립대학의G세입에G더G많은G기여를G하고G 있다UG

c표GZeG공립G대학의G세입과G세출

연방G정부

OYWWZTW[년G기준P 세입XP퍼센트OLP 학생G등록금X]U\

주정부와G지방G정부

기금OlndowmentPG및G개인기부OprivateGgiftPG수입판매와G기타G서비스YP

세출

수업OinstructionP

ZZU[ X^U] ZWU` [U` `UY [

학술G지원SG대학G지원SG학생G서비스

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c표G[eG사립대학의G세입과G세출

연방G정부

OYWWZTW[년G기준P 세입XP퍼센트OLP 학생G등록금Y_U\

주정부와G지방G정부

기금OlndowmentPG및G개인기부OprivateGgiftPG수입판매와G기타G서비스YP

세출

수업OinstructionP

ZYU[ X[UZ [XU] XUX _U^ XU`

학술G지원SG대학G지원SG학생G서비스장학금과G연구비OfellowshipP

기타

c표G\eG영리사립OwrivateSGmorTwrofitPG대학의G세입과G세출

세입XP

학생G등록금

연방G정부

OYWWZTW[년G기준P 퍼센트OLP _`U\

주정부와G지방G정부

기금OlndowmentPG및G개인기부OprivateGgiftPG수입판매와G기타G서비스YP

세출

수업OinstructionP

Y\U] WUX 학술G지원SG대학G지원SG학생G서비스]YU[ 장학금과G연구비OfellowshipPWU_ 부설G기관ZU[ ^U_

기타

TGXZGT

정부

고등교육에G투입되는G재원들을G살펴보면G각G재원이G미국G고등교육분야에서G차지하는G우선순위를G알G수G있다UG연방정부의G자금은G일반적인G형태의G지원이G아니고SG학비를G지원하기G 위한G목적으로G학생에게G지급되는G보조금OgrantsP이나G융자금OloanP의G형태로G제공된다UG또한G연방정부는G상금OcompetitiveGawardsPSG보조금OgrantsPSG사업비OcontractsP의G형태로G대학에G지원하고G있다UG연방정부의G재정지원에G대해서는G다음에G설명될G학생재정지원G부분에 서G보다G자세히G논의될G것이다U

주정부와G지방정부는G공립대학에G직접G운영지원금을G제공한다UG공립대학들은G주정부와G지방정부로부터G연간G약]WW억달러G정도의G교육G재정을G지원받는다UXZPG전통적으로G주O州PG정부G 지출금OstateGappropriationP이G공립대학G세입의G큰G부분을G차지하고G있지만SG주정부G세출과G 대학G세입에서G차지하는G비율G모두에서G지속적으로G감소하고G있다UGX`_W년과GYWWW년G사이SG 공립대학G운영자금G중에서G주정부G담당G비율은G[]L에서GZ[L로G감소했다UX[PG같은G기간G동안에G세입G중G등록금의G비율은GXZL에서GX_L로G증가하였는데SG이는G주정부G지원G감소분의G 절반G미만을G상쇄시켰다UG주정부G지원금의G실제G금액은G증가했으나G학생G등록G증가G수준을G 따라잡지는G못했다UX\P

다UG

XZPGjollegeGioardUGOYWW]PUG{rendsGinGstudentGaidGYWW]UGuewGYorkaGhuthorU

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를G늘리고SG급여가G적은G겸임교수O^장의G대학교수에G대한G논의G참고P를G고용하는G것과G같이G 교육∙학술분야에서도G효율성을G추구한다UG일부G대학은G최신G기술과G협동학습OcollaborativeG learningP을G이용하여G대규모G강좌를G재편하고G있는데SG이를G통해G비용을G절감하고G학생의G 학습G또한G증진시키고G있다UG

기부금

개인과G기업차원의G사적인G기부OprivateGdonationsP는G미국G대학G세입원의G하나로SG여타의G 국가에서는G흔하게G찾아볼G수G없다UGc그림GXe에서G보는G것처럼SGYWW\년도G고등교육분야G총G 기부금G액수는G미국G세금제도의G덕택으로GY\]억달러에G이르렀다UG개인O동문과G기타G개인P은G 가장G큰G자발적G후원자들OvoluntaryGsupportersP로서GXYW억달러를G기부했는데SG이G금액은G 고등교육의G전체G기부금의G절반에G가깝다UG재단이나G기업G역시G큰G공헌을G하고G있다UG

c그림GXeG재원별G고등교육분야의G기부금G

OYWW\년G기준SG단위aG십억P

$1.73

동문 $7.10 28%

기타 기관 종교기관 $.0.377%

재단 $7.00 27%

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YWW\년도G기준으로G스탠포드대학이G가장G많은G기부금을G모금하였고SG위스콘신T메디슨대학SG하버드대학SG펜실베이니아대학SG코넬대학이G그G뒤를G이었다UX]PG주정부G지원의G축소로G점점G더G많은G공립대학G역시G사립대학과G함께G자금모금운동에G뛰어들어G동문이나G우호적인G인사들로부터G수백만G달러를G모으고G있다UG사적G기부의G중요성을G감안하여G많은G대학들이G기금조성을G위한G보다G정교한G접근방식을G개발하고SG총장들은G대부분의G시간을G개인G기부금을G

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모으는데G전념하고G있다U

대학의G기부금G모금OfundGraisingP에G대한G자세한G정보는GjouncilGforGhdvancementGandGzupportG ofGlducationOjhzlPSGwwwUcaseUorg를G참고하면G된다U

발전기금

발전기금OendowmentsP은G현재의G프로그램에G결정적인G기여를G하고G장래의G지속적인G지원을G약속하며G제공되는G사적인G자금을G의미한다UG대부분의G경우G기부자는G자신이G제공한G 기부금이G일단G투자되고G그G투자로G발생한G수익만을G사용할G것을G요구한다UG일부G발전기금은G“용도지정OrestrictedP”을G조건으로G기부되는데SG이는G다시G말해G기금의G수입이G반드시G 학생G장학금이나G특정G프로그램SG학과SG학부에G대한G지원과G같은G구체적인G목적을G위해G사용되어야만G한다는G것을G의미한다UG

발전기금에G대한G자세한G정보를G위해서는GuationalGhssociationGofGjollegeGandG|niversityG iusinessGvfficersGOuhj|ivPSGwwwUnacuboUorg를G참고하시오U

고등교육 비용

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학생들은G다양한G수준의G비용으로G공립대학과G사립대학을G광범위하게G선택할G수G있다UG학부생의G연간G등록금은G정규등록G기준으로G적게는G전문대학OcommunityGcollegeP의GXS\WW달러부터G많게는G명문G사립대학의G[WSWWW달러에G이른다UG일반적으로G공립대학은G사립대학보다G적은G등록금을G부과하고SG그G대학이G속한G주OstateP의G거주민인G학생들은G돈을G훨씬G적게G 지불한다UG다른G주에G거주하는G학생들은G더G높은G비율의G등록금을G내야한다UG왜냐하면G이G 학생들은G자신들의G교육비를G대주는G주에G세금을G내고G있지G않기G때문이다UG대학원과G전문대학원의G등록금이G대체로G학부수준의G비용보다G많다UGc표G]e에서처럼SGYWW]TW^년G기준으로SG고등교육기관의G연평균G수학G경비는G전문대학OcommunityGcollegeP의GXYSZWW달러에서부터G[년제G사립대학의GZZSZWW달러에G이르고G있다U

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등록금교재비G등거주GYSY^Y달러G_\W달러G 통학GYSY^Y달러G_\W달러G 거주G\S_Z]달러G`[Y달러G 통학G\S_Z]달러G`[Y달러G 지주역O州G출P외신GX\S^_Z달러G`[Y달러G 거주GYYSYX_달러G`Z\달러G 통학GYYSYX_달러G`Z\달러G

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살지는G않는G학생들의G생활비를G추산한G것임

QGG의미G있는G정보를G제공하기에는G샘플이G너무G적음U

학자금 지원

대학교육의G비용은G지난G십년간G꾸준히G증가하였는데SG학자금G지원OstudentGfinancialGaidPG 역시G증가하였다UGYWW\TW]년에GXSZ\W억G달러에G가까운G금액이G학생들에게G지원되었다UYXPG 학자금G지원금은G주정부와G연방정부SG학생G소속G대학SG개인G기부자와G같은G다양한G재원으로 부터G나온다UGc그림GYe에서G보이는G것처럼GO다음G페이지G참조PSG저금리의G연방정부G대출금이G전체G학자금G지원비의G\XL를G차지하고G있으며SG나머지G부분은G보조금OgrantsPSG연방지원금OfederalGsubsidiesPSG세제G혜택의G형태로G나왔다UG

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“희망소비자가격OstickerGpriceP”라고도G불림P을G지불하는G반면SG나머지G학생들은G학자금을G 지원받아G훨씬G적은G돈O“정가OnetGpriceP”라G알려짐P을G지불했다UG학자금G지원은G대학에G다 니는G비용을G상당히G낮출G수G있고SG특히G사립대학에G다니는G학생들에게G더욱G그러하다Oc그림GZeG참조PUG사립대학G학생들이G공립대학G학생들에G비해G더G많은G융자금과G보조금을G받고G 있지만SG공립대학G등록금의G정가OnetGpriceP는G사립대학보다G낮다U

c그림GYeG재원별G학생재정지원G추정액

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립 및 고용주 보조금 $9.3

대학 보조금 $24.4

세제 혜택 $6.0 4%

보조금 $6.8 5%

주의aG반올림으로G인해G세부G항목별G합계가G전체G합계와G일치하지G않을G수G있음

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c그림GZeG대학G설립G유형별G대학등록G비용GaG융자금SG보조금SG정가

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$6,100

$30,000

2년제 공립4년제 공립4년제 비영리사립4년미만 영리사립

정가(QHW SULFH)보조금(JUDQWV)융자금(ORDQV)

주의aG여기에서의G비용은G대학비용을G부모에게G의존하는OdependentPG전일제G학부학생을G기준으로G함UG반올림으로G 인해G세부G항목별G합계가G전체G합계와G일치하지G않을G수G있음U

연방정부 프로그램

대학생에G대한G재정지원은G미국의G연방정부가G중요한G역할을G담당하는G몇G안되는G영역G중에G하나이다UG학생의G재정요구의G따라OneedGbasedPG일정한G자격을G갖추기만G하면G누구나G 이용이G가능하다UG직업교육G프로그램의G학생들을G지원하기G위한G특수목적자금도G있다UG연방정부는G학생들이G받는G재정적G보조금의G절반G이상을G지원한다UGYWW[TW\년G연방정부의G총재정지원G규모는G__\억달러로G추산된다UY[PG이러한G자금들은G고등교육법OoigherGlducationG hctP에G의해G승인된G다양한G프로그램을G통해서G분배된다UGX`]\년에G만들어진G이G법은G고등교육분야에서G연방정부의G역할을G규정하고G있는G주요한G법률이다U

펠 그랜트(1FMM (SBOUT)

Y[PG{heGjollegeGioardUG{rendsGinGstudentGaidGYWW]U

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만명G이상의G학생들이G이G보조금을G받고G있다UG

캠퍼스 중심 프로그램

연방 학자금 융자

Y\PGhmericanGjouncilGonGlducationUGOYWW\PUG~hatGeveryGstudentGshouldGknowGaboutGfederalGaidUG ~ashingtonSGkjaGhuthorUGwwwUacenetUeduVbookstoreVpdfVYWW\paying[collegeUpdfUG참조SG

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가장G낮은G\S^]W달러를G대출받았다UG이G경우G월평균G상환액은G대략G]\달러G정도다U

c표G^eG연방G학자금G대출액의G중앙값OtedianP

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학자금G대출학생G비율OLP대출액의G중앙값[년제G공립\^X[S[WW달러[년제G사립]`X^SXY\달러Y년제G공립ZWG\S^]W달러

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세제 혜택

미국G교육부가G담당하는G많은G보조금과G융자G프로그램G이외에도G연방정부는G학생과G그G가 족이G대학교육G비용을G부담하는데G도움이G되는G세금에G관한G제도를G몇G가지G운영하고G있다UG 고등교육계에서는G지속적으로G연방정부G지원프로그램에G대한G예산G증액을G요청하고G있지만SG고등교육G비용의G증가G속도를G연방정부의G지원비가G따라가지G못하고G있다UG

재정지원 패키지

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제 5장 평가인증제도

미국의G대학평가인증제도는G대부분의G다른G나라의G경우G정부의G주도에G의해G실시되는G질G 관리의G유형과는G차이가G있다UG미국에서G평가인증과정은G자발적이고G비정부적이며SG자율적인G형태로G발전해왔다UG이것은G분권화되어G있으며SG사립의G비영리G평가기관들OaccreditingG organizationsP에G의해서G수행된다UG평가기관들은G대학을G회원으로G하는G기관이며G회비로G 운영된다U

평가인증의 목적

평가인증의G목적은G학생과G대학사회G및G기업체G그리고G일반G대중에게G고등교육G기관이나G 교육프로그램의G질을G보장하기G위한G것이다UG평가인증G과정은G해당G대학이G자신의G교육이념에G부합하는G학문적G수준을G유지하고G있고SG적절하게G운영되고G있으며SG연방정부나G주정부의G특정G프로그램에G참여할G수G있는G자격을G확보하고G있다는G사실을G입증해G준다UG

평가인증의 유형

기본적으로G평가인증에는G두G가지G유형이G있다UG기관OinstitutionalP평가인증과G학문분야별OspecializedPG평가인증이G그것이다UG기관평가인증기구OinstitutionalGaccreditorsP는G대학G전체를G하나의G평가G단위로G보고SG기준을G설정하여G평가하게G된다UG학분분야별G평가기구들은G 대학G내의G특정G프로그램이나G학과에G대해G평가를G실시한다UG거의G모든G전문학위분야 OprofessionalP에서G학문분야별G평가인증이G이루어지고G있다UG하지만SG화학분야를G제외한G대부분의G인문학이나G자연과학분야의G경우G평가인증이G이루어지지G않는다U

기관평가인증

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기관평가인증OinstitutionalGaccreditationP은G비록G원칙적으로는G자발적이지만SG대학의G생존에는G필수적이다UG기관평가인증G여부는G학부모나G진학희망G학생들G그리고G진학상담교사들이G대학을G선택할G때G가장G기본적으로G고려하는G사항이다UG평가인증G지위를G상실하거나G상실할G위기에G처한G대학은G학생G모집이나G유수G교수G유치G등에서G매우G불리해진다UG대학이G 연방정부의G지원금을G받기위해서는G반드시G미국G교육부가G인정한G평가기구에G의해서G평가인증을G받아야하며SG또한G평가인증은G각종G재단들G혹은G외부G재원으로부터G자금을G조성하는데G 필수적이다UG일반적으로G평가인증된G대학G졸업은G대학원을G진학하는데G최소한의G요건이G된다UG비인증대학에서G취득한G학위를G인정해주는G고용주는G좀처럼G없다UG

학문분야 평가인증

평가인증 절차

평가인증의G주기는G최소G몇G년부터GXW년까지G다양하다UG평가인증은G지속적인G과정이며SG 평가인증G지위를G유지하기G위해서는G정기적인G평가가G필요하다UG평가인정기관들은SG대학의G 질과G대학G본연OintegrityP에G대한G일련의G요구사항을G바탕으로SG교육과정SG교수진SG학생의G 학습성과SG학생들의G특별활동SG재정G건전성G등과G같은G영역에G대한G대학들이G충족시켜야만G 하는G최소한의G기준을G설정하게G된다UG평가인증기관들은G이러한G기준들을G충족시키기G위해G 어떻게G해야G하는지에G대해G강제하지G않는다UG더G나아가SG평가인증이G일련에G기준을G이용하여G대학을G평가하는G것이기에SG어떤G대학이G다른G대학에G비해G상대적으로G얼마나G더G잘하고G 있는가에G대한G정보는G제공하지G않는다UG

ZXPGjouncilGforGoigherGlducationGhccreditationUG{heGconditionGofGaccreditationU

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해당G대학이나G프로그램에G통보하게G된다U

평가인증을G받은G기관의G목록을G살펴보기G위해서SG대학교육G평가인증G기관OhccreditedGpnstitutionsG ofGwostsecondaryGlducationP을G참조하면G되는데SG이G목록은G매년Ghjl가G출판하고G미국G교육부G 부설GlducationalGadvisingGcentre에서도G찾아볼G수G있다UG이G자료는GhjlG온라인G서점인G wwwUacenetUeduVbookstore에서도G구매가G가능하다UGjolh는SG전국규모의G회원제G단체로서SG

jolh나G교육부의G기관인정을G받은G평가기관들이G인증한G고등교육G기관과G프로그램을G조회할G수G 있는G온라인Gki를G운영하고G있다UOwwwUcheaUorgG참조PUGjolh에G대한G더G깊은G논의를G위해서G다 음G페이지를G참조하면G된다UG연방정부G교육부G역시도G이와G유사한G온라인Gki를G가지고G있으며SG교육부가G기관인정하는G평가기관이G인증한G고등교육G기관과G프로그램을G포함하고G있다 OwwwUopeUedUgovVaccreditationVG참조PU

기관인정 절차

평가인증기구는G“기관인정OrecognitionP”O평가인증기관에G대한G평가인증P으로G알려진G외부G 점검G과정을G통해서G책무성을G확보하게G된다UG기관인정을G받기G위한G과정은G대학이나G교육프로그램이G평가인증을G받기G위해G거치는G과정과G유사하다UG기관인정은G고등교육평가인증협의회OjolhP나G미국G교육부에서G실시하고G있다UG위에서G언급한G것처럼SG연방정부G교육부의G 기관인정은G연방G지원금을G얻기G위한G필수조건이다UG

많은G평가인증기구들은Gjolh와G미G교육부G모두로부터G기관인정을G받고자G한다UG그러나G 일부G기구들은G한G기관으로부터만G인정을G받고자G하는데G이는G개별G평가기관의G필요에G따라G 다르다UGjolh의G기관인정은G학문적인G적합성을G부여해G주는G것이고SG연방정부G교육부의G기관인정은G평가인증기관이G재정G건전성과G경영G능력SG공정한G입학과G모집G절차SG그리고G학생G 성공의G증거G등과G같이G연방정부가G지정한G영역에G대한G질G관리를G적절하게G수행하고G있어G 연방정부G자금을G받을G자격이G있음을G증명하는G것이다U

고등교육평가인증협의회($)&)

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제 6장 대학의 행정구조

대학에는G여러G단계의G행정구조가G존재한다UGc그림G[e는G일반적인G종합대학의G구조이다UG 이G그림은G공식적인G행정구조를G보여주고G있는데G실제로G대학G경영진은G평의회와G권력을G공유하고G있다UG평의회는G교수진SG학생SG교직원을G모두G대표하거나G교수진만을G대표하는G기구이다UG사실상G‘분권화’된G구조를G갖고G있는G것이다UG

이사회(HPWFSOJOH CPBSE)

대학G행정구조의G최고G단계는G관리G혹은G정책결정G기구이다UG이G기구는GboardGofG regentsSGdirectorsSGtrusteesSGgovernorsG등G다양한G명칭을G지니고G있다UG이들G기구의G규모SG구조SG임명G방식은G각기G다르다UG공립대학G이사회의G위원들은G주지사가G임명하거나SG선거로G선출한다UG일부는G대학의G동문회와G같은G단체에서G선출하기도G한다UG사립대학의G경우G 이사회G임원G임기가G종료되면G임원진이G직접G새로운G임원을G지목하는G식으로G연임이G가능하다UG대학G이사회협회OhniSGhssociationGofGnoverningGioardsGofG|nivUGMGjollegesP에G의 하면G공립학교G이사회G임원G수는G대개GXW명G내외이고G사립대학G이사회는GZW명G정도이다UG 임기는GZ년부터GXY년까지G다양하다UG대다수의G대학에서G최장G재임기간까지G연임할G수G있다UG 이사회에는G조직구조SG정책SG운영방침에G대한G내규나G규칙이G마련되어G있다UG

총장

대부분의G대학G총장OpresidentGorGchancellorP은G이사회에G의해G선출되고SG이사회에G직접G 보고를G하게G된다UG다중캠퍼스G연합대학OmulticampusGsystemsP의G경우G캠퍼스G총장은G연합대학G시스템G총장에G보고를G하게G된다UG총장은G이사회와G대학G구성원G간의G소통의G통로G역할을G담당한다UG대학G구성원을G대표하여G이사회에G정책을G제안함으로써G둘G사이의G매개체가G 되는G것이다UG총장은G분권화G된G권력구조G안에서G막강한G리더십을G행사한다UG대학G전반을G 이끄는G것은G물론G재정과G예산을G관리해야하고SG대학의G발전계획을G수립ㆍ실행해야G하며SG 책무성을G보장하고SG실적관리체계를G세워야G한다UG그러나G총장G임무의G대부분은G대학G외부에서G이루어진다UG총장은G대학의G발전을G위해G의회G의원G및G외부인사에게G지원을G요청하고G 동문과G입학지망생SG협력관계를G맺은G기업G및G지역사회단체와G긴밀한G관계를G유지해야G한다UG또한G대학의G대표로서G활동을G해야G한다UG

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장

조구정행G 학[eGG대림c그

최근G총장의G역할G중G외부G기금모금의G중요성이G강조되고G있다UG총장의G임기는G이사회에G 의해G결정되는G경우O도중에G해임될G수도G있음P도G있고G정해진G임기를G두고G연임G가능한G경우도G있다UG총장G취임G전G경력G또한G다양하여G최고학사운영자나G대학G내G고위G보직자를G역임한G경우가G대부분이다UGOc표G_eG참조PG

c표G_eG미국G대학G총장의G특성

OYWW]년G기준P

소수민족

인구학적G특성비율OLP 여성YZUW

교육수준

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정규G종교교육G받음

전공분야

GG교육SG고등교육

GG사회과학

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GG인문학

경력

취임G전G직위a GG총장

GG최고학사운영자OjhiefGhcademicGvfficeP

GG대학경영진

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GG고등교육분야G외

기타

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최고학사운영자

최고학사운영자OjhiefGhcademicGvfficerSGjhvP는G교무처장G또는G교무부총장OprovostGorG viceGpresidentGforGacademicGaffairsP이라고G한다UG비교적G규모가G작은G대학에서는GdeanG ofGtheGcollegeSGdeanGofGtheGfaculty라고도G불린다UG최고학사운영자는G학내G두G번째G위치이 며G총장G부재시G대리로G임무를G수행한다UG대부분의G대학에서G총장은G외부활동G및G기금모금에G중점을G두고G활동을G하고G최고학사운영자는G학내G문제를G다루는G것이G주G임무이다UG최고 학사운영자는G각G교원G임용을G심사하고G승인한다UG학사담당G교직원G임용G및G관리감독SG학사행정관련G정책G승인을G담당하고G교원평가에G있어G학과장을G조력하는G역할을G한다UG최고학사운영자는G교수진과G학사문제에G관해G긴밀히G협력하며G교과과정G개발에G책임이G있다U

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기타 부총장

대다수G대학에는G다양한G부총장이G존재한다UG학생부총장G혹은G학생처장은G학생의G단체활동을G지원하고G기숙사G관리SG심리상담G및G진로상담SG의료서비스를G제공하거나G학교의G소수집단에G대한G지원을G관리G감독한다UG

대학원장

대학원의G총책임자는G각G대학원에서G이루어지는G프로그램과G연구를G효율적으로G운영하는G 임무를G맡는다UO직함은G대학원담당부총장SG대학원장GOviceGpresidentGorGdeanGforGgraduateG studiesGandGresearchPG등이다UPG보통의G경우SG각G대학원과G학과SG연구소의G총책임자와G협력하여G대학원G운영을G하게G된다UG대학원G프로그램에G대한G평가SG프로그램G개설G및G폐지SG대학원G교수진에G대한G자격기준G설정SG연구관련G행정G등도G임무G중G하나이다UG대학원G연구관리업무의G총책임자는G연방정부SG주정부SG사기업의G재정지원을G받은G연구를G효율적으로G운영하는G임무도G담당한다UGO연구업무와G관련된G기능의G경우G별도의G연구담당G부총장OviceG presidentGforGresearchP이G맡기도G한다UP

단과대학장

대학G내에G여러G개의G단과대학이G있는G경우G학장이G총G책임을G맡는다UG단과대학장OcollegeGorGschoolGdeanP은G단과대학G내의G학과의G업무를G관리감독하고G이를G교무처장에 게G보고한다UG큰G규모의G단과대학장이나G상당한G외부G기금을G유치한G학장에게G실질적인G자율권이G주어지기도G한다UG

학과장

대학G학사조직의G기본G단위는G화학과SG정치학과G같은G전공G학과이다UG학과장OdepartmentG chairP은G해당G학과의G운영에G관여하고G학사SG재정SG인사G등의G임무를G맡는다UG학과장은G단과 대학장O큰G규모일G경우P이나G최고학사운영자와G학과G구성원G사이에서G연결고리G역할을G한다UG 교원임용SG승진SG종신임용SG재임용G평가SG급여G인상G등이G학과장의G주요G임무G중G하나이며G 학과G내G종신교원의G협력G하에G업무를G처리한다UG학과G내G교육G공간G확보SG교내G타G기관과G 연락G유지SG전공G학생들과G긴밀한G관계G유지SG학과G내G교육문제를G해결G역시G학과장의G임무

TGY_GT

이다UG학과장은G교수들이G선출하거나G경영진이G지명하기도G하고G이G두G가지G방법을G함께G 사용하여G지명하기도G한다UG

기타 대학경영진

이G외G다른G보직들은G학교의G규모에G따라G학장이나G부처장이G임명한다UG이렇게G임용된G직원은G대학원G프로그램SG대학G예산SG학교G경영SG입학SG재정보조SG기숙사SG유학생G상담SG기타G 부분에서G활동하게G된다UG이G중G주요G보직과G업무는G다음과G같다U

입학처장

학적담당관

정부관계 담당관

교수평의회

학내G중요한G의사결정은G보통G교수진과G대학경영진이G함께G결정하는G구조로G이루어진다UG 이렇게G분권화된G구조에서G교수진의G의견은G교수평의회OfacultyGsenateP나G교수협의회를G통해G중요하게G전달된다UG평의회는G학사관련G의사결정G및G정책을G제안하는G역할을G담당하며G 새로운G교과과정G및G교과목SG학위충족요건SG교수신규채용G및G업무량G등이G이에G포함된다UG평의회G구성원은G통상적으로G전임교수이나G간혹G학생SG보직자G및G교직원SG단기교원G등이G활동

TGY`GT

하는G경우도G있다UG몇몇G대학에서G평의회는G최종결정을G내릴G수G있는G권한이G있는가G하면SG 다른G대학의G평의회는G행정G및G이사회G방침에G제안하는G역할을G한다UG통상적으로G소규모G대학은G모든G교원이G평의회에서G활동한다UG이보다G규모가G큰G대학의G평의회G위원은G특정G학과 나G단과대학을G대표하는G인사를G선출하는G경우가G많다UG

TGZWGT

제 7장 교수

미국의G대학에는GXWW만명G이상의G교원이G있다UO다른G나라에서G교원을GacademicGstaff라고도G부른다PG교원임용은GXP전임G또는G비전임SGYP정년보장SGZP정년트랙G또는G비정년트랙의G 형태로G이루어진다UG대다수G대학G강의는G박사학위나G그에G상응한G수준을G갖춘G교수가G담당한다UGY년제G대학은G인문분야SG과학G분야의G교수들이G대부분G박사학위를G소지하고G있는G반면SG기술G분야는G그렇지G않은G편이다UG

임용과 직급

교수임용SG재계약G및G계약해지SG승진은G대개G학과G내의G정년보장교원의G추천에G의해G이뤄진다UG이러한G의사결정은G계열별G학과G교수위원회O사회과학SG인문학SG의학과G등P와G대학차원

ZYPGhmericanGhssociationGofG|niversityGwrofessorsUGOYWW\PUG{rendsGinGfacultyGstatusSGX`^\―YWWZUG ~ashingtonSGkjaGhuthorUGwwwUaaupUorgVhh|wVpubsresVresearchVtrendsX`^\TYWWZUhtmUG참조

TGZXGT

의G위원회의G검토를G거쳐G해당G권한이G있는G장O長P이G결정하게G된다UG대학G유형SG전례와G규모G등에G따라G최종G승인의G형태는G다르지만G많은G대학에서G해당G단과대학장의G승인을G요구한다UG혹은G총장을G거쳐G이사회에서G결정하기도G한다UG최초G직급은G해당G교원의G자질SG경험SG 강의G경력SG사회봉사SG연구SG출판된G저서G등을G고려하여G결정된다UG보편적으로G교수의G직급은G전임강사OinstructorPSG조교수SG부교수SG정교수로G나뉜다UG강사SG겸임G교수SG명예G교수도G

포함된다UG

전임강사

조교수

다UG

부교수

정교수

TGZYGT

명예교수

강사

겸임조교수, 겸임부교수

교수진에서의 여성과 소수민족

박사과정에G등록된G여성과G소수민족OminoritiesP의G수가G증가하고G있음에도G불구하고G상위직급에G오른G숫자가G적으며SG소수민족의G경우G실제G교수가G되는G수는G미미하다UGc표G`e에서G 나타나듯G남성은G정교수가G더G많고SG여성은G조교수SG전임강사SG강사SG기타G계약강사G등이G더G 많다UG또한G백인은G모든G직급에G걸쳐G최소G^\L이상G포진해G있으나SG소수민족G교원은G보통G 부교수SG조교수SG전임강사SG강사에G머물러G있음을G알G수G있다UG전반적으로G소수민족O히스패닉SG아프리카계G미국인SG아시아계G미국인SG인디언P들은G모든G직급에서G낮은G수치를G보이고G 있다UG

c표G`eG미국G대학의G전임교수의G직급SG성별SG인종별G분포

OYWWZ년G가을G기준P

남성여성백인소수민족외국인교원

출처aGzourceaGjookSGiGUGqUSGMGjordovaSGkGUGpGUGOYWW]PUGtinoritiesGinGhigherGeducationaG{wentyTsecondG annualGstatusGreportUG~ashingtonSGkGjaGhmericanGjouncilGonGlducationU

역할과 책임

대부분의G교수진은GOXP교육SGOYP해당G학문분야의G기준에G따른G연구나G학문SG예술G활동SGOZP

TGZZGT

대학G내SG학술단체SG지역사회에서의G봉사활동G등의G임무가G있다UG이러한G활동의G평가결과는G 승진SG정년보장O아래G참고PSG급여G인상G등에G영향을G미친다UG

정년보장

정년보장제도는G출중한G능력을G인정받은G이들이G학문분야에서G경력을G쌓아갈G수G있도록G 학문적G자유를G보장하고G충분한G경제적G안정을G제공하는G제도이다UG정년보장은G견습기간G후G 지속적인G임용계약을G맺은G교원을G대상으로G이루어진다UG정년이G보장된G교원은G대학의G재정위기나G교육프로그램의G통폐합과G같은G중대한G사유가G발생한G경우에G한해G적법한G절차를G거쳐G해임될G수도G있다UGc그림G\e에서G나타나듯GYWWZ년도에G정년이G보장된G전임교원의G수치는GXW년G전인G\XL에서G[\L로G하락했다UG대신G같은G기간G동안G정년보장을G받지G않거나G비정년트랙에G속한G전임교원의G수치가G증가했다UG

TGZ[GT

c그림G\eG정년보장여부에G따른G전임교원G비율

OX``Z년G및GYWWZ년G기준P

60

45

1993 2003

정년트랙 중 비정년트랙정년미보장

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통상G연구와G교육의G비중이G가장G높다UG연구실적에G대한G평가기준은G대학의G이념에G따라G 다르며G같은G유형이라G하더라도G각G대학에G따라G다르다UG강의평가는G학생들이G작성한G질문지를G통해G이루어지고G동료교수가G교실에G방문해G이루어지는G경우도G있다UG강의평가에서G고

득점을G받는G것은G정년보장에G필수적인G요소이나G강의평가G점수만으로G정년을G보장받을G순G

없다UG그러나GY년제G대학G및G학사학위G수여G대학ObaccalaureateGcollegesP은G예외가G될G수도G있다UG사회봉사활동은G정년보장G결정에G가장G적은G비중으로G평가되는G항목이다UG물론G사회봉사활동이G매우G특출하고G뛰어난G경우엔G평가비중이G다른G것보다G우선할G수도G있다UG

c표GXWeG정년V비정년트랙G구분에G따른G교수G직급과G직함

구GG분정년보장V정년트랙비정년트랙

비전임명예교수겸임교수

강사

최근G들어G일부G대학이G재정압박과G학생등록G유형의G변화를G이유로G정년보장에G대해G재고 하기G시작했다UG몇몇G대학G총장SG평가인증기구SG시민들은G정년보장직이G늘어갈수록G젊고G창의적인G인재가G대학사회에G진입하는G길이G좁아지고G있다고G우려를G표하고G있다UGX``[년G교

TGZ\GT

수의G정년퇴직OmandatoryGretirementP이G위헌이라는G연방정부의G판결G이후G그럴G가능성은G 더욱G높아졌다UG

TGZ]GT

제8장 학부교육

학부학생의 특성

YWWZTW[학년도G미국G고등교육기관G총등록학생G중G학부학생OundergraduateGstudentsSG일부G국가에서는GX차학위OfirstGdegreeP학생G또는GX기OfirstGcycleP학생이란G명칭을G쓰기도G함P 의G비율은G약G_^L에G이른다UZ[PG미국G대학생의G특성은G지난GYW년G동안G상당한G변화가G있었는데SG연령SG정규등록과G시간제등록SG인종SG성별G그리고G소득수준G등의G측면에서G더G많은G다 양성을G보여주고G있다UG

c표GXXeG인종별G대학G등록학생G현황

OX``Z년G및GYWWZ년G기준P

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주의aG반올림으로G인해GL의G합계가GXWW이G아닐G수G있음U

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Z[PGhmericanGjouncilGonGlducationUGOYWW\PUGjollegeGstudentsGtodayaGhGnationalGportraitUG~ashingtonSGkjaG huthorU

TGZ^GT

중이G증가하고G있다UGY\세G이상G학생G중SG_WL가G시간제G등록G학생으로서SG이들은G전체G학부학생의GZ`L를G차지하고G있다UGY\세G이상G학생들은G준학사OassociateGdegreeSG우리나라G Y년제G대학의G전문학사에G해당P과정SG비학위V비자격증G과정SG그리고G자격증G과정의G대다수를G 차지하고G있다Oc그림G]eG참조PUGY\세G미만G학생들은G여전히G학사학위G과정의G대다수를G차지하고G있다UG

c그림G]eG학위과정별G학부생G등록률

OYWWZTW[년G기준P

25세미만(%)25세이상(%)

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정규G학령기G학생보다G연령이G높은G학생과G시간제G등록생의G계속적인G증가G추세는SG배움이란G것이G평생에G걸쳐G이루지는G것이며SG모든G사람에게G대학G수준의G교육에G대한G접근G기회를G제공해야G한다는G미국인들의G믿음을G반영한G것이다UG또한G이는G대학교육을G받으면서도G 피고용상태를G유지하거나G가족G부양의G책임을G감당해야G하는G학생들의G비율이G높음을G보여 준다UGYWWZTW[학년도G학부생의GZ분의GX은G정규직업을G가지고G있고SG[XL는G시간제OpartG timeP로G일하고G있다UZ^PG학부과정의G정규G학업기간은G[년이지만SG일반적으로G미국G대학생들이G학위를G취득하는데G소요되는G기간은G이보다G조금G길어G공립대학의G경우G평균G]년SG사립대학의G경우G평균G\년이다UZ_P

다U

미국G학부생들의G학교간G이동이G매우G빈번하여GX개G이상의G대학에서G학업을G수행하기도G 한다UG학사학위G수여자의G거의G]WL가GY개G이상의G대학에서G학점을G취득하고G있다UG경우에G

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따라서는G이들G대학이G서로G다른G주O州P에G소재하기도G한다U

학위

미국에서는G각G주O州P마다G해당G지역에G소재한G대학이G수여할G수G있는G학위의G수준을G규정하지만SG국가적인G차원에서G학부나G대학원G수준G학위의G명칭을G규정한G법률은G없다UG각G 대학은G자율적으로G과정별G졸업요건을G결정하며SG통상적으로G주정부G혹은G학문분야별G평가

인정기관에서G수립한G지침에G따라G결정한다UG

준학사학위

학사학위

입학

입학요건

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OnlkP를G통과하면G고등학교G졸업과G동등한G자격을G지닌G것으로G인정된다UGO보다G자세한G내용은GwwwUacenetUeduG참조PG고졸검정고시에G의한G졸업G자격은G일련의G시험에G통과했을G때G 주어지게G되는데SG이G시험은G일반G고교G과정을G정상적으로G이수한G사람이라면G갖추고G있을G 주요G학업성과를G측정하기G위해G마련된G것이다UGYWW\년의G경우G미국에서G\_^S]_`명이G이G 시험에G응시하였으며SG이중G^YL인G[YZS^X[명이G시험에G통과하여G고등학교졸업학력을G인정받았다UZ`P

입학절차

대학입학시험

Z`PGhmericanGjouncilGonGlducationUGneneralGlducationalGkevelopmentG{estingGzerviceUGOYWW]PUG~hoG passedGtheGnlkGtestsfGYWW\GstatisticalGreportUG~ashingtonSGkjaGhuthorU

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학사일정

미국G대부분의G대학에서G한G학년도OacademicGyearP는G_월G말에서G`월G초에G개시되어G[ 월G말에서G\월G중에G종료되며SG각G대학은G자체적으로G학사일정을G정하고G있다UG그리고G대부분의G대학은G연간GY학기제OsemesterP로G운영되는데SG한G학기는G기말고사기간GX주를G포함한G X]주로G구성된다UG가을학기는GXY월G중순에G끝나고SG봄학기는GX월G중에G시작된다UG일부G대학SG특히G자유교양학부대학OliberalGartsGcollegeP의G경우GX월이나G\월G경에GZT[주G단위의G 학기를G운영하는데G학생들은G이G시기에G한G과목을G등록하여G수강할G수G있다U

TG[XGT

교육과정의 구조

교육과정과G관련해서는G이수학점G관련G부분에서G일부G언급된G바G있다UG학사학위를G취득하기G위해G학생들이GXYW학점G이상G또는G동등의G자격을G취득해야G한다는G사실이G교육과정G구성의G출발점이다UG기초학력G수준이G상이하여G학문분야에G따라G요구되는G학습량에도G차이가G 있긴G하지만SG공학이나G건축학과G같이G이수해야G할G과목의G요구조건이G더G많은G분야의G경우G 졸업학점을GXYW학점으로G제한하는G것이G문제가G되기도G한다UG이러한G경우G\년제G학제를G시행하고SG전문학위인G석사학위를G수여하게G된다UG반면G인문학G등G자유교양분야의G경우GXYW학점보다G적은G이수학점이G필요하며SG자유선택과목들을G수강하게G된다U

교과목과 학점

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약G[W과목을G이수해야G한다UG학사학위를G취득하기G위해서는G대부분의G경우GXYW학점을G이수해야G한다U

대학/전공간 이동

교양교육

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과G이와G관련된G개념을G소개하는G것이G최근G증가G추세에G있다U

학부교육의G교육과정은G위에G제시된G목표를G달성할G수G있다고G입증된G최고의G경험을G쌓을G 수G있도록G구조화G되었다UG시험을G치르는G형태의G총괄적인G평가G활동은G별로G이루어지지G않는다UG그보다는G연구보고서SG조별G프로젝트SG전공과G연관된G장기간의G봉사활동SG또는G전공분야에서의G학제간G세미나OinterdisciplinaryGseminarPG형태로G이루어진다UG최근G증가하고G있는G방법G중의G하나는G학생들에게G이전G과정에서의GO경우에G따라G수업시간외G활동OnonTclassroomGactivityP에G대해PG최고의G실적을G포트폴리오SG특히G전자정보G형태의G포트폴리오를G제출하게G하는G것이다UG이러한G“전자G포트폴리오OelectronicGportfolioPI는G학생의G 학습과정에서의G성장G정도와G현재의G성취G수준을G나타내기G위해G고안된G것이다UG

교수학습에서의 특성

많은G대학에서G학부G과목의G대부분은G강의G및G토론G형태로G수업이G이루어진다UG해당G강좌를G담당하는G교수가G매주GY시간의G강의를G진행한다UG강의시간의G수강생G규모는GYW명에서G 몇백명에G이른다UGO경우에G따라서는G더G큰G경우도G있다PUG매주G한시간은G조별수업OsectionG meetingP이G이루어지는데SG통상GX\TZ\명의G학생들이G수업시간G중에G다루어지거나G읽기과제로G제시된G주제와G관련하여G토론에G참여하게G된다UG조별수업의G경우G종종G대학원생G조교OgraduateGassistantsPG또는G수업조교OteachingGassistantsP가G담당한다UG과학과목의G경우G매

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주GZT[시간G정도의G실험시간이G있는데SG과목에G따라G매우G적은G규모OXW명에서GZW명P로G진행된다UG

학생 학습성과에 대한 평가

미국G대학에서G교수자들은G학생들의G학업성취에G대해Gh부터Gm까지Ol는G없음PG등급을G부여하데SGh가G가장G우수한G것으로G간주되고Gm는G낙제를G나타낸다UG학부생들의G경우G평균GjG 또는G그G이상을G유지하는G것이G바람직하며SG대학원생의G경우G평균GiG또는G그G이상을G유지하는G것이G바람직하다UG

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의G경우GX점을G획득하게G된다UG한G학생의G평점평균OnwhPSG혹은GqualityGpointG averageOxwhP는G획득한G점수의G합계를G취득한G총학점수로G나누면G계산된다O합격V불합격으로G평가된G강좌는G제외PUG몇몇G주O州P에서는GY학년에서GZ학년으로G진급하기G위해G주O州P차원에G시행되는G시험에G통과해야G한다UG모든G학생은G자신의G성적이G표기된G성적표를G갖게G되며SG학생의G사생활G보호를G위해G학생의G학업성적G정보에G대한G접근은G연방법에G의해G제한되어G있다U

학교생활과 운동부

미국에서의G대학생활은G기숙사G생활에G의해G크게G영향을G받는다UG대부분의G[년제G대학은G 학기G중G기숙사를G제공한다UG기숙사G생활은G학생들에게G식사와G침실G제공G이외에G다양한G주제에G걸친G프로그램을G제공하는데SGhpkz문제SG알코올G남용SG개인G재무관리SG학습향상기술G 등이G이에G포함된다UG대학들은G이G외에도G다양한G서비스를G제공하는데SG상담소G운영SG진로상담G및G지도SG레크리에이션G및G운동시설SG육아SG교통SG은행SG건강보험SG개인학습지도G등이G있

다UG

또한G대학에는G다양한G종류의G학생조직이나G동아리가G있는데SG학습G관련O예를G들어G전국흑인공학학생회G또는G미국홍보학생회PG뿐만G아니라G운동G관련O예를G들어G럭비G또는G수구PSG 문화∙종교관련O예를G들어G무슬림학생회G또는G아시아학생연합PSG그리고G사교모임G등이G있다UG 대표적인G사교모임은G희랍글자로G상징되는G남학생사교클럽OfraternityP이나G여학생사교클럽OsororityP이G있다UG또G다른G중요한G학생조직으로서G공식적인G조직인G학생회OstudentG governmentP는G학교G내에서G학생이익을G옹호하는G조직으로G인식되고G있다UG그러나G학생회G 회장이G대학기관의G운영위원회에G학생대표로G참여하고G있긴G하지만SG대부분의G경우G학생회의G영향력은G제한적인데SG특히G라틴아메리카나G유럽의G학생회와G비교했을G때에G더욱G그렇다UG

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부G아이스하키P[XPSG그리고G재정수입에G도움이G되지G않는OnonrevenuePG운동부O예를G들어G육상SG수영SG레슬링SG골프SG테니스SG필드하키SG축구P로G구분된다UG

[XPG운동부G운영에G소요되는G비용을G감안했을G때G실제G수익을G창출하고G있는가에G대한G논란이G계속되고G있으나SG 재정수익에G도움이G되는G운동부가G그렇지G못한G운동부G운영을G지원하고G있다U

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제 9장 대학원

학사학위G취득은G대부분의G대학에서G요구하는G대학원G입학의G요건이다UG일부G전문대학원G 과정O예를G들어G법학SG의학SG치의학SG사회복지학P은G오직G대학원G과정에만G개설되어G있다UG대부분의G다른G학문분야의G경우에는G대학원G과정에G개설한G동일한G분야가G학부과정에도G개설되어G있다UG쉽게G말하자면G생물학이나G영어를G학부과정의G전공뿐만G아니라G석사나G박사과정의G전공으로서G선택할G수G있다는G것을G의미한다UG그러나G어떤G분야를G학부과정에서G전공하는G것이G그G분야의G대학원G진학을G위한G필수G조건은G아니다UG예를G들어SG현재G인기G있는G경영학석사OtihPG과정의G경우G특정G전공의G제한G없이G대학원G진학이G가능하지만SG입학G자격G 조건으로GX년G내지GZ년의G직장경력을G점점G더G요구하고G있는G실정이다

c그림G^eG학위G프로그램별G대학원G학생G비율

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비학위/비자격증과정

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주의aG반올림으로G인하여G합계가GXWW이G되지G않을G수G있음U

학위

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수G요소는G아니다UG문학석사OtasterGofGartsP와G이학석사OtasterGofGzcienceP외에도G교육학석사OtldPSG경영학석사OtihPSG간호학석사OtzuPSG예술석사OtmhP와G같은G학위들도G있다UG 예술석사는G일반적으로G해당G분야에서G최종G학위로G간주된다U

입학

대학원G입학은G대학G기관차원에서G담당하기G보다는G학과나G단과대학이G담당한다UG비전문대학원OnonprofessionalPG분야에서G공통으로G사용되는G대학G차원의G입학신청서G양식이G있지만SG입학에G대한G의사결정은G학생이G지원하는G특정G프로그램에서G결정된다UG이G분야에G진학을G희망하는G학생들은G미국G교육평가원OlducationalG{estingGzerviceSGl{zP이G주관하는G표준화G시험인GnylO대학입학자격시험anraduateGyecordGlxaminationP의G점수를G제출해야한다UG법학SG의학SG치의학G전문대학원의G경우G자체적인G입학G절차를G거쳐야G한다UG이러한G분야 들의G경우G의학입문시험이나G법학입문시험과G같이G해당G분야에G특화된G시험G점수를G중요한G 결정요소로G사용한다UG일반적으로G학부G성적SG하나G이상의G표준화시험G점수SG학부G출신G학과 의G추천서G등이G입학G신청의G중요한G요소들이다U

재정지원

YWW[TW\년의G주내G출신OinTstatePG전일제G대학원생의G평균G등록금은G공립학교의G경우G ]SW_W달러G그리고G사립학교의G경우GX]S``_달러였다U[YPG전일제G대학원G과정에G등록한G `YZSWWW명의G학생들G가운데SG_^L가G융자금OloanP을G포함하여G어떤G형태로든G재정지원을G받았다U[ZPG그리고G시간제G등록생의G경우GX`WSZWW명G중G]\L가G재정지원을G받았다U[[PG대체적으로G전문대학원O예를G들어G법학SG의학SG치의학SG수의학SG사회복지학SG경영학G등P의G경우에는G 재정지원이G제한적이다UG따라서G등록금G전액을G납부할G수G없는G학생들은G먼저G학자금G대출을G이용하고SG학위를G마친G후에G융자금을G상환하게G된다UG다른G분야의G경우G다양한G형태의G 재정G지원이G가능하며SG여기에는G전액G장학금에서부터G학부생의G시험G또는G과제를G채점하거나G실험실습을G돕는G시간제G근로G등이G포함된다UG때로는G재정지원이G입학G절차의G한G과정이G

[YPG|UzUGkepartmentGofGlducationSGuationalGjenterGforGlducationGztatisticsUGkigestGofGeducationG statisticsSGYWW\GOujlzGYWW]TWZWPU

TG[`GT

되기도G한다UG재정G지원의G가장G흔한G형태로는G학자금G융자OloansP와G대학원G수업조교장학금OteachingGfellowshipsGandGgrantsP이G있다UG수업조교장학금을G받는G대학원생들은G대규모G 학부G강좌의G조별G토론G수업을G진행하거나SG과학과목의G실험수업을G진행하는G일을G대략G반일G근무OhalfTtimeGworkP에G준하는G시간G동안O주당GYW시간씩PG담당하게G된다UG과학분야의G 경우에는G대학원생G연구G장학금을G지급하고G있다UG이밖에도G학부생G상담과G같은G실질적인G 시간제G근로도G가능하다UG다른G종류의G재정G지원G방법으로는G조교수당SG고용주G분담OemployerGcontributionPSG그리고G등록금G면제OtuitionGwaiverP가G있다UG

TG\WGT

제 10장 외국인 유학생

YWW\TW]년에G미국에서G수학한G외국인G유학생은G대략G\]만G명으로G이중G[ZL가G학부과정에SG[\L가G대학원G과정에SG그리고G나머지GXYL가G기타G프로그램에G등록하였다U[\P

미국G내G외국인G유학생에G관한G보다G자세한G정보는GhttpaVVopendoorsUiienetworkUorgV를G방문하여G 국제교육협회OpplP의G연차보고서GvpenGkoors를G참조하거나SGwwwUacnetUeduVpdfVstudentsontheG moveUpdfU를G방문하여G미국교육협의회OhjlP의GztudentsGonGtoveaG{heGmutureGofGpnternationalG ztudentsGinGtheG|nitedGztates를G참조하기G바란다U

입학

미국G대학이G외국인G유학생에게G요구하는G입학G자격G요건G및G절차는G각G학교마다G상이하다UG미국G대학O교P에G진학하고자G하는G외국인G유학생은G입학G지원에G필요한G학업G성적G취득G 및G자격G시험을G치러야G하기G때문에G적어도G지원서G접수G마감일G일년G전부터G입학G준비를G 시작해야G한다UG지원G마감일은G학생이G입학하고자G하는G학기G시작G시점인G_월을G기준으로G 이른G경우G전년도GXW월GX일부터G늦은G경우G]월GX일까지G다양하다UG

외국인G유학생들이G자국에서G이수한G교육G과정의G인정에G관한G정보는GhmericanGhssociationGofG jollegiateGyegistrarsGandGhdmissionsGvfficers를G통해G확인할G수G있다UGOwwwUaacraoUorgG참조PG 또한SG상당히G많은G수의G기관들이G미국G대학O교PG및G외국인G유학생들에게G교육G자격G평가G서비스를G제공하는데SGuationalGhssociationGofGjredentialGlvaluationGzervices는G이G같은G기관들을G회원으로G하는G협의체이다UGOwwwUnacesUorgG참조P

재정 지원

공립G기관에G입학하는G외국인G유학생들은G해당G주G이외G지역G출신G학생들과G동일한G금액

[\PGpnstituteGofGpnternationalGlducationUGOYWW]PUGvpenGdoorsGYWW]aGyeportGonGinternationalGeducationalG exchangeUGuewGYorkaGhuthorU

TG\XGT

의G등록금을G납부한다UG일부G기관들은G외국인G유학생들에게G높은G금액의G입학전형료를G부과 하는데G이는G외국의G학생의G입학G지원을G처리하는데G추가적으로G소요되는G비용을G충족하기G 위해서이다UG

학생들에게G제공되며SG특히G한G학년을G마친G이들에게G더G많은G기회가G열려G있다UG소수의G기관들만이G제한된G범위의G외국인G유학생들을G위한G장학금을G제공한다U

비자

미국G유학에G관심G있는G외국인G학생들을G위한G정보는GjollegeGioard의GpnternationalGztudentG oandbookGYWW^OwwwUcollegeboardUorgG참조P과G국제교육원OpplPGmundingGforG|nitedGztatesG ztudyGYWW^aGhGnuideGforGpnternationalGztudentsGandGzcholarsGandGpntensiveGlnglishG|zhG YWW\GOwwwUiieUorgG참조P에서도G얻을G수G있다U

[]PGpbidU

TG\YGT

제 11장 고등교육 관련 협회

고등교육G기관이나G관계G인사O혹은G둘G다P를G회원으로G하는G고등교육G관련G협회는G다수의G 목적을G지닌G경우가G많다UG이G협회들은G집단SG행정업무분야SG또는G전문분야나G학문분야별로G 교육기관들을G대표한다UG또한G몇몇G협회들은G대학의G이해관계를G연방정부나G주정부에G대변하는G역할을G주로G수행하기도G한다UG협회는G고등교육G전반G혹은G특정G분야에G있어G이해관계에G있는G정책을G지지한다UG몇몇G대학은G주정부나G연방정부의G정책에G대응하기G위한G직원을G 별도로G채용하는G경우도G있다UG이들은G주정부의G지원금이나G연방정부의G연구계약G체결G등G 해당대학의G이해관계에G초점을G두고G있다UG

기관회원 협회

전미교육협회OhmericanGjouncilGonGlducationSGhjlP는G미국G고등교육계의G가장G중요한G 대학간G자율조정G기구이다UOwwwUacenetUeduG참조PGhjl에는G평가인증을G받은GX_WW여G개의G 학위수여G교육기관SG고등교육관련G협회SG기구SG기업체가G회원G또는G준회원으로G가입되어G있다UG여타G고등교육관련G단체와의G협의G및G합의를G통해G전국적으로SG특히G연방정부에G대해SG 고등교육에G대한G목소리를G내는G것이Ghjl의G목적이다UG또한Ghjl는G\W개G고등교육G관련G 협회의G기관장이G모이는G포럼인G워싱턴G고등교육G사무국O~ashingtonGoigherGlducationG zecretariatSG~olzP을G주관한다UG

TG\ZGT

특정G기능이나G분야SG교육기관을G대표하는G단체로는G전미간호대학협회OhmericanG hssociationGofGjollegesGofGuursingPSG전미대학교수협회OhmericanGhssociationGofG |niversityGwrofessorsPSG고등교육평가인증협의회OjouncilGforGoigherGlducationG hccreditationSGZWWW개G이상의G대학과G평가기구가G회원임PG등을G들G수G있다UG또한G전국대학재정담당자협회OuationalGhssociationGofGjollegeGandG|niversityGiusinessGvfficersP처럼G 대학을G회원으로G하지만SG재무SG예산G등과G같이G특정G업무를G담당하는G개인이G가입하는G단체도G있다UG

개인회원 협회

기관이G아닌G개인을G회원으로G하는G협회는G대부분G학사행정가협회와G같이G대학의G특정G직위에G있는G개인이G소속된다UG학장OacademicGdeanPSG학적담당관OregistrarPSG국제교류처장OinternationalGprogramGdirectorsPSG학사지도교수OacademicGadvisersPSG소수민족학생처장OdirectorsGofGprogramsGforGminorityGstudentsPSG학생과G담당관OstudentGlifeG administratorsPG들은G각자G연대하여G거대한G조직을G구성하기도G한다UG이들G조직에는G중앙G 이사회가G있으며G전국적인G활동을G펼친다UG가장G좋은G예는G바로G국제교육자협회인Guhmzh 이다UGuhmzh의G회원은G교환학생G및G유학생G상담G등G국제교류분야의G전문가이다UG

TG\[GT

제 12장 고등교육분야의 정책 과제

책무성

연방정부SG주O州P의회G의원SG정책결정자SG그리고G일반G국민들은G미국의G고등교육기관이G학생의G학습이나G투명한G업무처리G등에서G보다G책임감G있는G모습을G보일G것을G기대하며G점점G 더G많은G압력을G가하고G있다UG더군다나G연방정부나G주정부뿐G만G아니라G학생SG학부모SG재정지원자OfunderP까지도G점증하는G교육비용SG학생의G학업성과SG졸업률SG교육과G연구간의G균형유지SG그리고G지역사회에G대한G대학의G기여도G등에G대해G문제제기를G하고G있다UG비록G대학들이G신입생들의G입학시험G점수SG평가인증을G받은G프로그램의G수SG연방정부나G주정부G관련G 규정에G대한G준수SG소속교수들의G연구논문수G등의G수치를G서류로G입증할G수는G있지만SG대학교육의G효과성과G관련된G다른G수치들을G고려한다면G문제는G더욱G복잡해진다UG

접근성과 기회균등

[`PG|UzUGkepartmentGofGlducationUGOYWW]PUGhGtestGofGleadershipaGjhartingGtheGfutureGofG|UzUGhigherG educationUG~ashingtonSGkjaGnovernmentGwrintingGvfficeUGwwwUedUgovVaboutVbdscommVlistVG hiedfutureVreportsVpreTpubTreportUpdfUG참조U

TG\\GT

미국도G역시G여타G국가와G마찬가지로G교육의G힘이G사회경제적인G계층이동을G가능하게G할G 것이란G대중적인G믿음이G있다UG교육이G사회경제적G계층이동의G동력이라G생각하는G일반G대중의G인식은G가난한G가정G출신의G대학G졸업자가G부유한G가정G출신의G대학G졸업자와G비슷한G수입과G취업률을G기록한다는G사실에서도G다시G한번G확인된다U\WPG그리고G일반적으로G대학G졸업자의G소득이G고등학교G졸업자보다G높다UG미국G인구조사통계국O|UzUGjensusGiureauP의G YWW\년도G미국인구조사통계OhmericanGjommunityGzurveyPG결과에G따르면SG대학G졸업자의G 연평균G소득이G[ZS`\[달러인G반면SG고등학교G졸업자의G연평균G소득은GY\S_Y`달러였다U\XP

\WPGjhoySGzUGOYWWYPUGhccessGandGpersistenceaGmindingsGfromGXWGyearsGofGlongitudinalGstudiesGofGstudentsUG ~ashingtonSGkjaGhmericanGjouncilGonGlducationU

TG\]GT

세까지G학사학위를G취득했다UG이G수치는G소득수준G상위GY\LG이내G출신G학생의G^\L와G극명하게G대비된다U\]PG

고등교육의 이용가능성

고등교육에G대한G접근성G문제는G공공정책의G일차적인G목적일G뿐만G아니라G각G대학들의G정책G우선순위에서G오랫동안G수위를G점하고G있는데G반해SG고등교육의G이용가능성OaffordabilityPG문제의G경우G최근G들어서야G논란의G중심에G서게G되었다UG지난GXW년G동안G[ 년제G공립대학의G등록금은G\XL나G증가하였고O물가상승률을G감안한G수치PSG[년제G사립대학의G경우GZYLSGY년제G대학의G경우GYWL가G증가하였다U\^PG과거GXW년간G연평균G상승률이G사립G[년제의G경우GZLSG공립G[년제의G경우G[LSGY년제의G경우GYLG정도로G안정적이라G할지라도S\_PG이러한G등록금G인상G추세는G고등교육의G이용가능성에G대해G논란을G증폭시키게G되었

다U

새로운G과학기술의G교육G및G연구현장G도입SG의료보험SG대학교육의G노동집약적인G특성G등이G등록금G인상의G요인이G되었다UG게다가G전체G대학생의G^\L가G수학하는G공립대학의G경우G 주정부의G고등교육예산G삭감이G등록금G인상의G주된G원인이다UG물론G많은G대학들이G비용절감과G동시에G동창회나G각종G재단SG기업체로부터의G기부금G확대SG그리고G평생교육시설운영이나G 기술이전과G같은G수익증대G활동을G벌이고G있긴G하지만SG학생G등록금은G여전히G고등교육G재정수입의G중요한G원천이다UG몇몇G연방정부G관리나G주정부의G정책결정자들이G계속해서G치솟는G대학등록금G문제는G대학들의G비용관리가G부실한G탓이라G주장하고G있지만SG많은G대학경영진들은G대학을G효율적으로G운영하고G있으며SG제한된G여건에도G불구하고G절약을G통해G문제를G 해결하고G있다U

대학교육비와G관련한G추가G정보는Ghjl에서G발간한G‘대학교육G비용의G맥락G들춰보기OwuttingG jollegeGjostsGintoGjontextOYWW[PP를G참조하기G바람UGwwwUacenetUeduVGbookstoreVpdfVG YWW[_college_costsUpdfU에서G이용가능함U

평생교육

최근G들어G평생교육OlifelongGlearningP이G점차G중요한G정책이슈로G떠오르고G있다UG세계G시장은G기술과G혁신에G의해G움직이고SG평생학습이G장기적인G성공전략의G중요G요소임에G틀림없다UG`천만명G이상의G성인학습자OY\세G이상P들이G기본적인G성인교육과G제Y외국어로서의G영어교육SG직업관련G교육SG그리고G개인능력개발과정과G같은G고등학교과정G이상의G형식V비형식G교육에G참여하고G있는G것으로G추산된다UG이중에서G약G]백\십만명이G전문대학SG대학SG혹은G기술교육기관의G학점인정G프로그램에G등록하고G있다U\`P

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TG\^GT

이러한G수치들은G다양한G범위의G성인학습자O이민자SG직무전환G배치G근로자SG저소득층G및G 고령학습자G등P들이G대학교육의G접근기회와G성공을G위한G지원을G필요로G하고G있음을G보여준다UG또한G이는G대학SG주정부SG그리고G연방정부G차원의G정책결정자들에게G재정지원과G사전학업성과평가OprioriGlearningGassessmentPG등G도전이자G기회가G되는G다양한G문제들을G던져주고G있다UG

국제화

많은G미국G고등교육기관들이G교육과정이나G연구G혹은G봉사분야에서G국제화를G추진하기G위한G노력을G강화하고G있다UG원격통신의G발달SG세계경제의G상호의존성G증가SG보건G혹은G위생문제의G세계화G추세SG안보문제G등으로G인해G대학생들이G지역사회G및G세계사회의G시민으로서G

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TG\_GT

생산적으로G기여할G수G있고SG또G다문화V다국적G근무환경에서G제G역할을G담당할G수G있으며SG 국가SG개인G그리고G전세계가G복잡다기하게G얽혀G있다는G것을G이해하는G것이G필요하다UG외부환경의G변화는G미국G대학들에게G상당한G도전과제를G안겨주고G있는데SG교육과정의G국제화SG 해외로G유학가거나G미국으로G유학G오는G학생수의G증가SG그리고G국제적G협력활동의G강화G등이G그것이다UG예를G들어G모든G과목의G등록률G중G언어관련G과목의G등록률은GX`]W년G이후G꾸준히G감소하고G있으며SG해외G유학이G점차적으로G증가하고G있다고는G하나SGYWW\년도G기준으로GX천^백\십만명의G고등교육기관G재학생G중G고작GYW]SWWW명만이G해외G유학G경험을G갖고G 있을G뿐이다U][PG대부분의G대학들은G다른G문화나G국가와G관련된G강좌를G교양교육과정G이수조건으로G정하고G있지G않다UG대학의G국제화G전략을G어떻게G수립할G것인지G그리고G그G국제화G 전략이G대학의G장기발전전략에G어떻게G부합하는지G하는G문제들은G개별G대학이G결정하고G있다U

][PGpnstituteGofGpnternationalGlducationUGvpenGdoorsGYWW]U

TG\`GT

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