이 자료는 미국 NFSJDBO $PVODJM PO &EVDBUJPO($&)에서 발간한 “ #SJFG (VJEF UP 6.4. )JHIFS &EVDBUJPO”(2007년판)을 $&로부터 비상업적 용도로 사용할 것을 허락받아 한국대학교육협의회 국제협력팀에서 번역발간한 것이다. 자료의 번역 및 발간을 허락해준 $&측에 감사드린다.

목 차

제 1장 미국 고등교육 개관··············································································································1 미국 고등교육의 특징·······················································································································1

제 2장 미국 고등교육 기관 유형····································································································3 2년제 고등교육기관··························································································································5 4년제 고등교육기관··························································································································6 기타 유형의 고등교육기관···············································································································7

제 3장 정부의 역할····························································································································9 연방 정부·············································································································································9 주 정부··············································································································································10 지방 자치 정부································································································································11

제 4장 대학 재정·····························································································································12 대학 세입의 원천····························································································································12 정부····················································································································································14 기부금················································································································································15 발전기금············································································································································16 고등교육 비용··································································································································16 학자금 지원······································································································································17 연방정부 프로그램··························································································································19

제 5장 평가인증제도·······················································································································22 평가인증의 목적······························································································································22 평가인증의 유형······························································································································22 평가인증 절차··································································································································23 기관인정 절차··································································································································24

제 6장 대학행정의 구조·················································································································25 이사회················································································································································25 총장····················································································································································25 최고학사운영자································································································································27 기타 부총장······································································································································28 대학원장············································································································································28

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단과대학장········································································································································28 학과장················································································································································28 기타 대학경영진······························································································································29 교수평의회········································································································································29

제 7장 교수·······································································································································31 임용과 직급······································································································································31 교수진에서의 여성과 소수민족····································································································33 역할과 책임······································································································································33 정년보장············································································································································34

제8장 학부교육·································································································································37 학부학생의 특성······························································································································37 학위····················································································································································39 입학····················································································································································39 학사일정············································································································································41 교육과정의 구조······························································································································42 교수학습에서의 특성······················································································································44 학생 학습성과에 대한 평가··········································································································45 학교생활과 운동부··························································································································46

제 9장 대학원 ·································································································································48 학위····················································································································································48 입학····················································································································································49 재정지원············································································································································49

제 10장 외국인 유학생···················································································································51 입학····················································································································································51 재정 지원··········································································································································51

제 11장 고등교육 관련 협회 ·······································································································53 기관회원 협회··································································································································53 개인회원 협회··································································································································54

제 12장 고등교육분야의 정책 과제·····························································································55 책무성················································································································································55 접근성과 기회균등··························································································································55 고등교육의 이용가능성··················································································································57 평생교육············································································································································57

국제화················································································································································58

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제 1장 미국 고등교육 개관

본G저는G미국G고등교육의G구조와G기능에G관하여G간결하고도G포괄적인G견해를G제공할G것이 다UG본G저는G미국G고등교육G시스템에G관한G개괄적인G정보를G얻고자G하는G외국의G정책G입안자들SG고등교육G기관장들SG현직G교원G및G학생들G그리고G일반G미국인을G위해G기획되었다U

YWW[TW\년에G사이G미국에는G대략GYSWWW만G명의G학생이G[SY[Y개의G평가인증된OaccreditedPG학위수여기관과GYS\^Y개의G평가인증된G비학위수여기관에G등록하였다UXPG대다수의G학생O약GXS^\W만G명P이G등록한G학위수여기관은GY_W만여G개의G학위를G수여했고GZXW만G명의G교직원을G고용하였다UGYWW[년G미국G인구의G\[L는G전문대학G혹은G대학G수준의G교육을G 경험한G적이G있는G것으로G나타났다UG미국G고등교육기관의G등록자G수는G계속해서G증가하고G 있다UYPG

YWW[년에G고등학교를G졸업한GY천GZ백만G명의G학생G중G절반에G가까운GO[]LPG학생들이G고 등교육기관에G등록하였으며SG이는GYW년G전의GZZL라는G수치에G비해G크게G상승한G것이다UZPG 고등학교G과정G수료G비율은G지난GYW년G간G_YLG정도를G꾸준히G유지해G왔다UGYWW\년에GY\ 세G이상의G미국G인구G중GZYL가G고등학교G졸업으로G학업을G마쳤고SGX^LG가량이G대학을G다 녔으나G학위는G취득하지G못했으며SG약GZ]L가량이G전문대학G준학사O전문학사PG이상의G학위를G취득했다UG미국G인구의G[분의GX가량이G학사G학위를G취득했고GXWL가G석∙박사G학위G취득자였다U[P

미국 고등교육의 특징

미국G외G국가의G대학에서G고등교육을G받은G사람들이라면SG미국G고등교육기관이G여러G면에 서G매우G특색G있음을G발견할G수G있을G것이다UG특히G고등교육G사업의G규모SG그리고G고등교육기관G유형과G각G기관의G관리방식SG학생들이G이들G기관에G입학하고자G할G때의G준비사항G및G 고려사항의G다양성SG아울러G학부G과정G커리큘럼이G사실상G미국G고등교육의G가장G독특한G특성들이라고G할G수G있다UG인지O人智P를G늘리고G학생들을G가르친다는G고등교육의G목적은G전세계적으로G공통되지만SG미국의G고등교육은G세계G여타G국가의G고등교육과G뚜렷하게G다른G점들이G분명G있다U

미국의G고등교육에G관해G생소한G이들이G미국의G고등교육을G이해하기G위해서는G다음의G네G 가지G특징들을G알G필요가G있는데SG여기서는G이들에G관해G간략히G설명한G후G이후의G장OchapterP들에서G각각의G특징들을G더G자세히G다루도록G하겠다U

GGXUG미국의 고등교육 사업은 그 규모가 매우 크고 다양하다.GYWW[TW\년에G미국G전역의G

XPGjouncilGforGoigherGlducationGhccreditationUGOYWW]PUG{heGconditionGofGaccreditationaG|UzUGaccreditationG inGYWW\UG~ashingtonSGkjaGhuthorU

YPG{heGjhronicleGofGoigherGlducationUGOYWW]PUG{heGalmanacGofGhigherGeducationSGYWW]–^UG~ashingtonSG kjaGhuthorU

ZPGjookSGiUGqUSGMGjordovaSGkUGpUGOYWW]PUGtinoritiesGinGhigherGeducationaG{wentyTsecondGannualGstatusG reportUG~ashingtonSGkjaGhmericanGjouncilGonGlducationU

[PG|UzUGkepartmentGofGlducationSGuationalGjenterGforGlducationGztatisticsUGOYWW]PUGkigestGofGeducationG statisticsSGYWW\GOujlzGYWW]TWZWPUG~ashingtonSGkjaGnovernmentGwrintingGvfficeU

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]S_X[개의G평가인증된OaccreditedPG고등교육기관에G약GY천만G명의G학생이G등록했다UG 이중GZS[WW개G가량이G전통적인G종합대학G및G대학들이고G나머지가G사립G전문대학OcareerGcollegesP들이었다U\PG고등교육기관들은G공립G혹은G사립으로서SG후자의G경우G 아직은G적은G숫자이지만G증가G추세에G있는G영리G목적의G대학들이G포함되어G있다UG이들G 대학들의G운영G주체는G종교와G연관있는G경우도G있고G아닌G경우도G있으며SG등록G학생G 수도G매우G큰G규모O\WSWWW명G이상P를G자랑하는G수준부터G매우G작은G수OY~ZWW명P까지G 다양하다UG이들G기관들의G상대적인G강세는G사회적G평판도SG소요G비용SG지리적G위치SG그리고G양질의G시설G등G시장의G힘에G상당히G크게G영향을G받는다UG공립G기관들의G경우SG주정부G재정지원에G비해G빠르게G증가하는G비용G때문에G학교G운영을G유지하기G위해G학생G 등록금G및G수업료SG그리고G정부G보조금G및G개인G기부금에G대한G의존도를G계속해서G늘려왔다UG종종G개인의G기부금G액수로G대변되는G대학들의G상대적인G재정G자원의G차이는G 각G대학을G교육G시장에서G유리한G혹은G불리한G위치에G있게G하는G매우G중요한G요소이 다UG한정된G수의G대학들만이G큰G규모의G발전기금을G보유하고G있는데SG이는G[장에서G상세히G다루도록G하겠다U

GGYUG미국의 고등교육에는 국가적 시스템이 존재하지 않는다.G고등교육에서G연방정부의G역할은G매우G제한적이다UG\W개G주는G각기G다른G고등교육G시스템을G가지고G있으며SG각G주정부는G수천G개가G넘는G사립G기관들에G매우G제한적인G통제만을G가한다UG몇몇G지역적G 혹은G국가적G연합체들이G각G주의G시스템G간의G소통을G강화하는G일을G하고G있기는G하지만G이들G시스템을G서로G통합V조정하지는G않는다UG고등교육G기관들의G설립G허가는G각G 주G정부의G권한이지만SG학문적G합법성을G인정하는G평가인증OaccreditationP은G비정부적인G요소로서G비영리단체들이G수행하고G있다U

GGZUG시장 경쟁은 미국 고등교육 기관들의 정책 및 방향을 결정짓는 가장 중요한 외부 동력이다.G각G주의G시스템은G기관의G유형에G따라G상이하다UG각각의G공립G혹은G사립G기관들은G특별한G프로그램G운영SG잘G갖춘G시설SG특정G스포츠G분야의G명성SG학생G요구사항G반영도G제고SG지리적G위치SG사회적G명성G혹은G그G이외의G어떤G요소로든G자O自P기관만의G 전략적G특화G영역을G수립하려고G노력한다UG외부의G재정적G지원G여부는SG그G지원의G출처가G정부G또는G재단SG혹은G개인인지에G따라G한G기관의G우선순위G설정에G영향을G미친다UG 특히G교직원G수의G경우G학생들의G전공G선호도G변화에G따라G증가하거나G감소한다U

GG[UG학부 단계(경우에 따라 대학원 단계까지 포함)에서의 학위 취득은 교과목 및 이수학점 시스템에 따라 결정된다.G학생들은G학기별OY학기제G또는G[학기제의P로G일련의G교과목에G등록을G하며SG각G교과목들은G특정G학점수를G보유하게G되는데SG이는G일반적으로G해당G 교과목이G주당G충족시켜야G하는G일정G수업G시간O가장G흔한G경우G\W분씩G주GZ회G혹은G 이와G동등한G수업GI시간IP에G따라G결정된다UG학부G단계에서는G일정G수의GI학점시간수I O보통G[년G동안G가장G일반적으로GXYW학점SG즉G약G[W개G과목P를G이수하는G것이G학사G 학위G수여의G요건이G된다UG따라서G한G학기에GX\학점O보통G\개G과목P을G이수하는G것을G I정규등록I으로G간주하며SGXY학점G이하의G과목을G등록하여G이수할G경우GI시간제IG등록으로G간주한다UG

미국의G고등교육은G이외에도G많은G특색을G지니고G있지만SG위의G네G가지는G미국의G고등교육을G이해하는데G있어G가장G중점이G되는G사항들이다U

\PGjouncilGforGoigherGlducationGhccreditationUG{heGconditionGofGaccreditationU

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제 2장 미국 고등교육 기관 유형

미국G고등교육G기관들의G명칭은G각G주마다G상이한G규정과G관례G때문에G매우G혼동하기G쉽다UG예를G들어SG대학교OuniversityP란G이름을G지닌G많은G기관들이G석사G이후의G학위G과정을G 제공하지G않거나G일부G기관들의G경우G학사G이후의G과정도G없는G경우가G있다UG반면G어떤G대학OcollegeP들은G박사G학위를G수여한다UG캘리포니아G공과대학과G매사추세츠G공과대학G등G몇몇G명문G종합G연구중심대학은G기관OinstituteP란G명칭으로G알려져G있기도G있다UG게다가SG collegeSGinstituteSG혹은Guniversity의G명칭을G쓰는G기관들G중에는G평가인증을G받지G않았으나G학위나G수료증을G수여하는G경우도G있다U

대학G혹은G대학교의G유형은G대부분의G경우G다음G세G가지G방법으로G구분할G수G있다UG

GGXUG재정G자원의G주요G출처에G따라T공립OpublicPSG독립OindependentSG일반적으로G비영리사립OprivateGnotTforTprofitPPSG혹은G영리사립OprivateGforTprofitP

GGYUG통제G권한의G출처에G따라T주G정부가G설립한G경우G공립SG혹은G주정부의G설립G허가서를G 받은G독립G법인체의G경우G사립

GGZUG최고G수여G학위에G따라

많은G수의G공립G고등교육G기관들의G예산G중G수업료SG연구비SG기부금SG보조금G등이G높은G비율을G차지하기G때문에G공립G기관들과G사립G기관들의G재정적G특성을G구별하는G것은G쉽지G않

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해당G기관이G수여하는G최고G학위에G따라G교육기관을G구분할G경우G크게GY년제와G[년제G기관으로G나눌G수G있다UG준학사O전문학사P를G수여하는GY년제G기관들에는G지역전문대학OcommunityGcollegeP과G직업전문학교OcareerGcollegeP가G포함된다UG[년제G기관들에는G학사O학부PG대학SG석사G대학G및G종합대학SG그리고G박사학위G수여G기관들이G있다UG다음의Gc표GXe 은G카네기재단G분류에G따른G기관수를G나타낸다UG카네기재단G시스템은G공통된G특징들로G대학들을G분류하기G위해G일반적으로G통용되는G방법이다UGO기관G유형에G관한G자세한G설명은G다음의G카네기재단G분류법G해설G참조P

카네기재단G고등교육기관G분류법G기초G해설

카네기재단G고등교육기관G분류법은GX`^W년에G연구G목적으로G제정된G것으로G미국G전역에서G통용되는G시스템이다UG이G분류G시스템은G그G동안G몇G번의G개정을G거쳤고SG가장G최근의G개정은GYWW\년에G 이루어졌다UGYWW\년G개정은G미국G고등교육을G이해하기G위한G몇G가지G다른G방법을G제공하는G복합

적이고G병렬적인G분류G세트를G도입하였는데SG학부G교육G프로그램SG대학원G교육G프로그램SG등록생G

분석SG학부생G분석SG기관의G규모G및G환경G등이G분류에G이용되는G정보들이다UG그G외의G기관들이G자율적으로G참여하는GI선택적OelectivePIG분류법도G있다UG이G같은G분류법G중G하나인G공동체G연계OcommunityGengagementPG분류법은G이미G사용G중에G있으며G다른G몇G가지G분류법들도G현재G개발G 중에G있다U

기관G부문의G기초G분류는G다음과G같다U

■G전문대학OassociateNsGcollegesPaG수여하는G최고G학위가G준학사O전문학사P이거나SG학사G학위가G전체G학부G학위의GXWLG미만인G경우

■G박사T수여G대학교OdoctorateTgrantingGuniversitiesPaG연간G최소GYW개의G박사학위를G수여하는G 기관

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■G석사G대학G혹은G석사G대학교OmasterNsGcollegesGandGuniversitiesPaG연간G최소G\W개의G석사학위를G수여하는G기관

■G학사G대학ObaccalaurateGcollegesPaG전체G학부생G중G최소XWL의G학생들에게G학사G학위를G수여하고SG\W개G미만의G석사와GYW개G미만의G박사G학위를G수여하는G기관

■G특수G목적G기관OspecialGfocusGinstitutionsPaG학사G이상의G학위를G수여하되SG특정G분야G혹은G

특정G연계G분야에G집중된G학위G수여를G하는G경우

■G부족G대학OtribalGcollegesPaG아메리카G원주민G고등교육G컨소시엄의G회원대학G및G대학교

출처aG{heGjarnegieGmoundationGforGtheGhdvancementGofG{eachingGOYWW]PUGiasicGclassificationG descriptionUGwwwUcarnegiefoundationUorgVclassificationsVindexUaspfkeyd^`XUG참조

c표GXeG기관유형G및G관리주체에G따른G고등교육G기관G수G및G학생G수

GOYWW\년G가을G기준P

기관유형공립비관영리리주G사체립영리G사립계

Y년제전문대학`]_SY[]개_S교[[G]OY명ZGLOZP]LP_XYYS[X개\^교명GGOZOXLLP미만PYZ``]_S개W[교^G명O`OYLLPPX]SS\]W[_[S개]\교WG명OZG\OZL_PLP 박사수여X]\개교GO[LP`W개교GOYLPY개교GOXL미만PY\^개교GO]LP

기관ZS]\XSY[X명GOYXLPXSWYWS^_^명GO]LPY[SXY\명GOXL미만P[S]`]SX\Z명GOY^LP 석사대학GY]_개교GO]LPZX[개교GO^LPXW개교GOXL미만P\`Y개교GOX[LP

V대학교YS[]YSZZW명GOX[LPXSX^_S[^^명GO^LP`_SW]Y명GOXLPZS^Z_S_]`개교GOYXLP [년제학사대학Z_XZ개_S[교^G]O명YLGOPYLP[^^[[\S개`Z교^G명OXGXO[LLPPYXYZS개_[교^G명OXGLOX미L만미P만P\XS^WX_개]S교Y]GWOX명ZGLO]PLP

특수목적Y[X개교GO]LP]Z`개교GOX\LP\X^개교GOXYLPXSZ`^개교GOZYLP

기관ZW`S]^[명GOYLP[YZSXXY명GOYLP\]^S_]_명GOZLPXSZWWS]\[명GO^LP

부족대학YXYXS개]]교^G명OXGLOXPL미만P`\개SYY교YG명OXGLOX미L만미P만PWW명개교XZ]YS개__교`G명OXGLOXPL미만P 계XXSZ^SW]ZYX개S_교ZG[O명[XGLO^P\LPZXSS][\\[X개S]`교YG명OZG_OYLWPLPX`ZSW_X개WS교`[G`OY명YGLO]PLP[XS^ZS\[Y_개^S[교^G\O명XWGWOXLWPWLP

주의aG이G표에는G미국G고등교육법G{itleTⅣ의G적용을G받는G미국내G학위수여기관만을G포함하며SG미국령G지역의G기관들은G포함하지G않았다UG

GGGGGG등록G학생수는G정규등록환산치OfullTtimeGequivalenciesP가G아닌G단순G인원수이며SG미국G\W개G주G내에G있는G 평가인증된G학위수여G프로그램에G등록한G학생들만G포함되었다UG

GGGGGGL는G전체G기관수G혹은G전체G등록G학생수G대비G비율을G의미한다UG

GGGGGG반올림으로G인해G퍼센트의G합이GXWW이G아닐G수G있다U

GGGGGG분류법의G기준G시기는GYWW\년G가을이지만SG각G기관들은G조금씩G다른G시기의G자료를G바탕으로G분류되었을G수G 있다U

출처aG|UzGkepartmentGofGlducationSGuationalGjenterGforGlducationGztatisticsSGpntegratedGwostsecondaryGkataG zystemGOpwlkzPGpnstitutionalGjharacteristicsGzurveySGYWW\

c표GXe에서G보여지듯SG고등교육을G받고자G하는G학생들의G대다수는G공립G기관에G등록하고G 있으며G이들G중G절반에G가까운G학생들이G공립GY년제G기관에G등록하고G있다UG영리를G목적으로G하는G사립학교의G경우G미국G고등교육G분야에서G가장G작은G부문을G차지하지만SG이들G기관수는G가장G빠르게G증가하고G있기도G하다UG또한G각각의G기관G유형G내에서도G상당히G많은G다 양성이G여전히G존재함을G유념할G필요가G있다U

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2년제 고등교육기관

지역전문대학

Y년제G기관에G등록한G학생수는G전체G학부생G중G가장G큰G비율을G차지한다UG거의G대부분의G Y년제G기관들은G공립이며SG재정G지원은G각가G\W개의G주SG또는G소재지G시와G군G혹은G이들G두G 군데G모두로부터G오기도G한다UGYWW]년의G경우를G보면SG흔히G지역전문대학OcommunityG collegeP이라G불리는GY년제G공립G대학G예산의G[YL는G주정부SGY[L는G지방정부SG]L는G연방정부에서G지원한다UG나머지G부분은G수업료OX_LP와G기타G출처OXWLP에서G비롯되었다U]P

지역전문대학G등록생은G전체G학부생G중G가장G큰G비율을G차지할G뿐G아니라G처음G대학에G입학하는G신입생G중에서도G가장G큰G비율을G차지한다UGYWWZ년에G소수민족G학부생G중G거의G절반이G지역전문대학에G등록했는데SG아프리카계G학부생G중G[ZLSG히스패닉계G학생G중G\\LSG그리고G아시아계G학생G중G[WLSG그리고G아메리카G원주민계G학부생G중G[_L가G지역전문대학에G 등록했다U^PG

Y년제G전문대학들은G흔히G문학OartsPSG이학OsciencePSG응용과학OappliedGsciencePG준학사O전문학사PG학위를G수여하는데SG문학G및G이학G분야G준학사O전문학사P는G일반적으로G학사G학위를G수료하기G위한G과정G중G처음GY년과G동일한G과정을G이수하는G것으로G되어G있다UG문학G 및G이학G준학사O전문학사PG학위G과정을G이수한G학생들이G학부G과정을G계속하고자G할G경우G 학사학위를G수여하는G기관으로G편입할G수G있는G자격G요건을G갖춘G것으로G간주된다UG반면SG 응용과학G분야G준학사O전문학사P의G경우G교육G과정의G내용과G학사학위G수여대학의G학칙에G 따라G편입이G바로G이루어질G수도G그렇지G않을G수도G있다UG

[년제G대학G편입을G위한G준비가GY년제G전문대학의G중요한G기능G중G하나이기는G하지만SG그G 외에도G전문대학에는G단순히G일반대학의G첫GY년에G상응한다는G것G이상의G많은G특징과G기능들이G있다UG전문대학의G주요G특징들은G다음과G같다U

GGXUG공립G혹은G사립G[년제G고등교육G기관들G보다G훨씬G적은G비용이G든다U

GGYUG전문대학들은GI무시험입학OopenGenrollmentPIG대학들로서SG고등학교G졸업증서G혹은G

이와G동등한G자격을G지닌G학생이라면G누구든G입학할G수G있다UGO그러나SG지역전문대학의G 일정G부분G과정은G등록이G이와G같이G개방되어G있지G않은G경우도G있다UPG

GGZUG재학생의G대부분이G시간제G학생들로G구성되어G있다U

GG[UG전문대학G재학생들은G평균적으로G일반G학사학위G수여기관의G학부생들보다GZ~[년G정도G 나이가G많다U

GG\UG많은G수의G학생들이G학위G취득을G위해G과정을G수료하고자G하지G않는다UG일부G학생들은G 다음과G같은G목적으로G수학한다U

GGGGaUG[년제G기관으로G편입하기G위해G필요한G수준에서G충분한G학점을G이수하기G위해

GGGGbUG특정G기술G자격증을G얻기G위해UG자격G취득을G원하는G학생들G중에는G이미G높은G

수준의G학위를G수료한G경우도G있는데SG이들은G기존G취득G학위와G다른G새로운G분야에G 도전하거나G혹은G직장에서의G승진을G위해G새로운G기술을G필요로G하는G경우에G

해당함U

]PGhmericanGhssociationGofGjommunityGjollegesUGOYWW]PUGmactsGYWW]UG~ashingtonSGkjaGhuthorUG wwwYUaaccUncheUeduVpdfsVfactsheetW]UpdfUG참조

^PGjookGMGjordovaUGtinoritiesGinGhigherGeducationU

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GGGGcUG학점G이수와G관계없이G성인교육G혹은G취미로G평생교육G과정에G참여하고자

GGGGdUG작문이나G수학과G같은G기초적인G학문G역량을G강화하고자

GG]UGY년제G전문대학G중에서G기숙사G시설을G지닌G경우는G드물다UG왜냐하면G학생들G대부분이G 학교G근교에서G통학하기G때문이다U

G

4년제 고등교육기관

학사 대학

[년제G대학G및G대학교들은G학사G학위를G수여한다UG학사G대학ObaccalaurateGcollegesP은G 이들G대학G커리큘럼의G거의G대부분을G차지하는G학문G분야G때문에G보통G자유교양G학부대학OliberalGartsGcollegesP이라G불리기도G하는데SG독립G체제O비영리사립P인G경우가G일반적이다UG 어떤G대학들은G일정G종교의G종파와G제휴G관계가G있다UG학사G대학은G미국G고등교육G기관G수의GXZL를G차지하고G있지만SG이들G모두G소규모G체제로G운영되기G때문에G전체G학부생G수에서 는G]L만을G차지한다UOc표GXeG참조PG이들G대학은G부유하고G명망G있으며G따라서G입학G경쟁도G 매우G치열한G기관들부터G재정적G어려움을G겪고G있는G기관들까지G그G구성이G다양하다UG후자G 그룹의G경우G대학G운영G예산의G거의G대부분을G학생G등록금만으로G충당한다UG

석사 대학 및 대학교

공립이거나G독립O비영리사립P인G이들G기관은G일반적으로G학사G및G석사G학위를G수여하고SG 경우에G따라G교육과G같은G전문G분야를G집중G육성하고자G하는G목적으로G소수의G박사G학위G과 정을G제공하기도G한다UG이들G기관은G각G기관이G위치한G주의G명칭을G사용하여G기관명을G정한G 경우O예를G들어SG웨스턴G미시간G대학SG버팔로G주립G대학SG캘리포니아G주립G대학P가G많으며SG 해당G주의G도시G및G지역G출신의G학생들이G재학생의G대부분을G차지한다UG지역전문대학의G경우와G같이SG이들G대학에는G많은G수의G시간제G혹은G나이G많은G학생들이G재학하며SG특히G석사과정에서G이런G특징이G두드러진다UG이들G석사학위G수여기관은G미국G고등교육G기관G수G중G X[LSG전체G학생G수G중GYXL를G차지한다UOc표GXeG참조P

박사 수여 기관

이G범주에G속한G기관들은G박사과정G혹은G연구중심G대학교들로G구성되어G있다UG박사과정G 대학교는G아래에서G설명할G연구중심G대학교와G여러G면에서G유사하지만G수여하는G박사학위G 수가G작고G지원받는G외부G연구G기금G액수도G적다UG연구중심G대학교는G공립이거나G독립O비영리사립PG기관으로G가장G유명한G미국G대학교들이G이에G속한다UG이G그룹에G속한G공립G대학들은G보통G해당G주의GI선도대학OflagshipPI으로서G주G정부G지원금G대부분을G수혜하며SG입학생G 선발기준G및G과정이G매우G까다롭다UG이들G대학은G연구G및G박사G단계의G대학원G교육을G매우G 중요시하며SG전체G기관수의G]LSG전체G학생G수의GY^L를G차지한다UOc표GXeG참조P

연구중심G대학교는G여러G개의G학부OschoolP나G단과G대학OcollegeP들로G이루어져G있는데G O미국G외G국가의G경우G보통Gfaculty라는G명칭G사용PSG몇몇G학사과정G단과대학O문과대학SG이과 대학G혹은G공학이나G경영학과G같은G전문G교육G과정PSG대학원G과정O때때로G다수의G학사G교육G 과정과G통합된G하나의G대학원G과정PSG그리고G전문대학원G과정G등이G포함된다UG농학SG경영학SG 공학SG간호학SG교육학과G같은G기술적이거나G전문적인G교육G분야들의G경우G학사와G석∙박사G과

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정을G모두G제공한다UG의학SG치의학SG법학G등과G같은G전문G분야는G석∙박사G과정만을G제공하며G 학사과정에는G준비G교육G과정이G있다UG이들G대학교들은G종종G교육G기능이G배제된G부설G연구소를G두기도G한다U

기타 유형의 고등교육기관

미국G고등교육G기관G중에는G보다G중소G규모G유형의G기관들도G있다UG소규모G유형은G다음G 기관들을G포함한다U

GG■G특수목적기관aG한G가지G특정G분야O예를G들어SG공학SG미술SG음악SG기술G등P에G집중된G교육G 과정을G제공

GG■G육V해V공군G사관학교

GG■G토지G불하G대학교aGX_]Y년G모릴법OterrillGhctP이라G불리는G연방법령에G의해G설립된G공립G기관들의G하위G집단인G무상G토지G불하G부지G내G기관들UGX_`W년G두G번째G모릴법OterrillGhctP에G의해G흑인들을G위한GX_개의G토지G불하G기관들이G세워졌으며G이들은G IX_`W년G기관들I로G알려져G있다UGX``[년G교육부지수여평등법OlquityGinGlducationalG sandGnrantGztatusGhctP에G의해GY`개G부족G대학OtribalGcollegeP들이G추가되었는데G이 들은GIX``[년G토지불하G기관들I로G알려져G있다U

소수 민족을 위한 고등교육기관

소수G민족을G위한G기관들로는G아프리카계G대학OhistoricallyGblackGcollegesGandG universitiesSGoij|sP과SG히스패닉계G기관OoispanicTservingGinstitutionsSGozpsPSG그리고G 부족G대학이G있다UGoij|s는G공립G혹은G사립의G형태로G고등G교육의G혜택으로부터G제외되어오던G아프리카계G미국인들을G위해G설립되었다UGYWWZ년에는G``개의Goij|s가GZWZS\XY명의G 학생을G받아들였다U_P`PGozps는G많은G수의G히스패닉계G학생G인구를G수용하기G위해G연방G정부에서G지정하였다UGYWWZ년에GZX]개Gozpzs에G총GXS^^XSYXY명의G학생이G등록했다UXWPG부족G 대학의G경우G대부분G아메리카G원주민G보호구역에G위치하며SG연방G정부로부터G재정G지원을G 받기는G하지만G아메리카G원주민G부족O들P의G자치수뇌부가G이들G대학을G관리한다UGYWWZ년에G X^S]\Y명의G학생이G이들G기관에G등록했다UXXPG소수G민족을G위한G고등교육G기관들은G미국G내G 모든G인종G및G민족의G학생들을G위해G존재하기G때문에G이G분류내G수많은G종류의G기관들이G간혹G중복되어G파악될G수G있다U

영리를 목적으로 하는 고등교육기관

이들G기관은G대개의G경우G학위G취득G보다는G자격G취득을G목적으로G하는G직업G능력G훈련G 과정을G제공한다UG그러나G이G범주에도G지역별G평가기관으로부터G인증받은G학위G수여G기관이G

_PGjookGMGjordovaUGtinoritiesGinGhigherGeducationU

`PG아프리카계G미국인의G고등교육G참여를G지원하는G또G다른G유형으로G기관으로는G흑인우세대학OpredominantelyG blackGpnstitutionsSGwipsP이G있는데SG이G기관G재학생의G\WLG이상이G아프리카계G미국인이다UG하지만Gwips는G 연방정부에서G지정한G것이G아니며SG따라서G이러한G대학들을G소수민족을G위한G고등교육기관으로G간주하지는G 않는다UG

XXXWPPGGjpboidoUkGMGjordovaUGtinoritiesGinGhigherGeducationU

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^`개나G엄연히G존재하며SG미국에서G가장G큰G사립대학인G피닉스G대학교가G이에G속한다UG YWWZ년G이들G기관에G등록한G학생수는G전체G미국G고등교육G수혜G학생G수의G[L에G불과하지만SG이G그룹은G미국G고등교육G분야에서G가장G빠르게G성장OX``Z년에GYY]S_X_명이던G학생G수가GYWWZ년에는G^WYS]`[명으로GYXWL나G증가P하고G있다UXYPG영리목적의G사립기관은G전체G기관수의GYYLSG전체G학생G수의G]L를G차지한다UOc표GXeG참조P

XYPGpbidU

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제 3장 정부의 역할

연방 정부

여타G국가와는G달리G미국G연방정부의G경우G정부부처인G교육부가G고등교육G분야에G대한G일반적인G통제권을G가지고G있지G않으며SG주요한G고등교육G재정G지원G출처도G아니다UG그러나G 일부G고등교육G기관들은G연구개발G보조금G그리고G특정한G분야의G교육과정O예를G들어SG직업훈련과정SG외국어교육과정SG장애학생G교육과정G등P에G대한G지원금으로G상당G금액을G연방G정부로부터G수여G받기도G한다UG대부분의G기관들은G또한G연방정부가G대학G재학생들의G수업료G 및G생활비의G일정G부분을G지원하기G위해G시행하는G대규모G학생G재정G지원G프로그램G등을G통해G간접적인G정부G지원G혜택을G받고G있다UGc표GYe에서G보는G바와G같이SG고등교육G부문의G연방G정부G지원은G현저하게G증가하였는데SG그G중에서도G학생G지원금이G가장G큰G비율로G증가하였고SG종래에는G학생들이G상환해야G할G학자금G대출G보조금이G학생G지원금의G가장G큰G부분을G 차지하였다UG

c표GYeG연방정부의G대O對PG대학G및G대학교G지원

GOX``W년G및GYWW\년G기준P X``WYWW\

학생G지원금Y^W억G달러_YW억G달러

연구G지원금XYW억G달러

세제G지원XW억G달러G미만\W억G달러X

Y_W억G달러XP

주GXaGhjl의G분석으로G산정한G예상치

출처aG{heGjollegeGioardUGOX``WGandGYWW]PUG{rendsGinGcollegeGpricingUGuewGYorkaGhuthorU

GGGGGGuationalGzcienceGmoundationGOYWW]PUGhcademicGresearchGandGdevelopmentGexpendituresUGhrlingtonSG}haG huthorUG

GGGGGGqacksonSGwUGOYWW]PUGoigherGeducationGtaxGcreditsaG{estGanGeconomicGanalysisUGjyzGyeportGforG jongressUG

GGGGGGwwwUopencrsUcomVrptsVysZY\W^_YWW]WXX^UpdfUG참조G

연방정부가G비록G대학G및G대학교G운영에G직접적인G지원을G하지는G않지만SG과학G분야의G 연구비G지원이나G학생G재정G지원G등을G통해G이루어지는G정부G지원금은G일부G기관들에게는G 매우G중요한G세입원이다UG그리고G이는G다시G연방정부가G다른G분야의G대학이나G대학교들에G 끼칠G수G있는G영향력을G증대하는G요소로G작용한다UG예를G들어SG한G기관이G재정G지원G프로 그램에G참가하고자G할G경우SG교수G양성이라던가G대학G운동부에서의G양성평등과G같은G특정G 주제에G관해G연방정부에G보고서를G제출해야G하는G등G정부의G광범위한G요구조건에G응해야만G 한다UG또한G대학이G정부G기금G혜택을G받기G위해서는G특정G연방법을G존중해야만G하는데SG X`][년G제정된GjivilGyightsGhctSGX``W년에G제정된GhmericansGwithGkisabilitiesGhctSG그리고G사람G및G동물G실험에G관계되는G법G등이G이에G해당한다UG한G기관이G연방정부의G연구G및G 시설G개발G지원G대상에G우선G선정되면G세간의G이목을G끌게G되고G외부G기금을G받는G등G기관G 활동에G상당한G영향력을G주게G된다UG연방정부의G영향력이G증대되기는G하였으나SG학문적G

TG`GT

결정이나G내부G관리와G같은G영역에서G연방정부의G역할은G여전히G매우G제한적이다UG사실G학생G 재정G지원G프로그램을G관리하는G미국G교육부는G교과목G내용G수립이나G커리큘럼G관련G통제를G 시행하는G입법G행위를G하는G것이G금지되어G있다U

연방정부의G조세G정책은G고등교육에G대한G정부의G지원에G있어G상당히G중요한G역할을G하는 데SG특히G개인G기부금과G관련되어G그러하다UG연방정부의G소득세법은G교육단체와G자선단체를G 위한G기부금에G대하여G상당히G많은G소득G공제를G허용하여SG대학G및G대학교들이G재정적으로G 탄탄할G수G있도록G도울G뿐G아니라G기부자의G만족도를G높여주는G등G크고G작은G혜택의G요인으로G작용한다UG연방정부의G조세G정책은G연구G개발G분야의G재정G지원에G세금G혜택을G제공함으로써G대학교들의G연구G수행에G대한G기업체들의G투자G촉진을G유도하기G위해G수립되기도G한

다U

미국G교육부는G고등교육G기관들에G교부되는G연방정부G지원금의G집행을G관리·감독한다UG 교육부의G주요G역할을G다음과G같다U

GGXUG연방G정부의G학생G재정G지원G정책G수립SG지원금G교부G및G관리SG지원금G사용G감독

GGYUGX`][년GjivilGyightsGhctG및GX``W년GhmericanGwithGkisabilitiesGhct와G같이G인종SG 국적SG성별SG장애여부SG연령에G관계없이G누구에게든지G동등한G고등교육G수혜G기회를G보장하도록G하는G평등권G강화

GGZUG외국어G훈련이나G지역G연구G프로그램과G같은G특정G커리큘럼G개발을G장려하는G프로그램G 기획

GG[UG다양한G분야의G연구를G위해G사업비나G보조금의G형태로G고등교육기관에G교부된G연방정부G지원금G사용의G감독

GG\UG등록G추이SG학생G인종G및G민족SG교수G진급과G종신재직권SG그리고G대학원G연구G분야G등G 다양한G주제의G광범위한G자료G수집G그리고G교육G전반에G관한G연구의G수행

주 정부

미국G내G\W개G주는G각각G하나의G주립G대학G시스템을G지원한다UG이G시스템은G박사학위수여G 대학교들과SG거의G모든G주에G있는G지역G석사대학G및G대학교들SG그리고G지역전문대학들로G구성되어G있다UG하나의G이사회와G연합대학G시스템G총장이G각기G다른G이들G대학들을G통합G관리·감독할G수도G있고SG각G대학이G저마다의G이사회G및G행정구조를G가질G수도G있다UG이사회G멤버는G주지사가G임명하거나G주민G투표를G통해G선출하기도G한다UGO지역전문대학의G이사회G멤버는G대부분G투표를G통해G결정된다UPG이사회는G연합대학G시스템G총장OsystemGchancellorGorG presidentP이라G불리는G시스템G수뇌를G결정한다UG시스템G총장은G이사회는G시스템G전반에G걸친G정책G수립G및G우선G순위를G결정하고SG예산을G조정하며SG관할권G내에G속한G해당G대학을G 변호한다UG시스템G총장은G분교G캠퍼스의G총장을G관리·감독하고G새로운G캠퍼스G총장을G고용하기도G한다U

각G주에는G또한G고등교육G조정위원회G또는G이사회가G있으며SG후자의G경우G전자보다G강한G 권한을G갖는다UG주G고등교육G고위관리자들OztateGoigherGlducationGlxecutiveGvfficersSG zollvsP로G흔히G알려져G있는G이들G위원회는G공립G및G독립O비영리사립PG기관G모두를G위한G 여러G기능들을G수행하는데SG주G내에서의G새로운G고등교육G기관G설립G허가G부여SG새로운G학위G수여G허가SG공립G기관들의G예산G요청서G검토G및G주G의회G상정SG학위G수여G최소G자격G요

TGXWGT

건G수립SG그리고G교육기관G간G전학G절차G및G규칙G조정G등이G이들이G수행하는G주요G기능들이 다UG이들G위원회의G제반G활동은G독립O비영리사립PG대학들보다는G공립G대학들에G더G큰G영향을G끼친다U

각G주의G조정G위원회들은G주G내G공립G기관들에G대해G여러G수준의G통제권을G행사하고G있으며SG주별로G그G편차가G매우G크다UG각G대학들은SG공립G또는G사립을G불문하고SG개별G기관의G이 익과G사명에G부합되는G정책G수립G및G의사G결정을G대학G스스로의G능력으로G담당하고G있다는G 사실을G높이G평가한다UG이렇게G수많은G개별G대학에G수립되어G있는G지역G실정에G적합한G관례들과SG주G전체에G걸쳐G정책G및G절차G상에서의G통일성G및G기관들에G프로그램의G균등한G배분을G추구하고G예산G억제G등을G시행해야G하는G주G정부의G우선순위가G서로G상충하는G경우가G있을G수G있다U

공립G대학의G운영G지출과G자본G지출O예를G들어G건물G및G시설PG예산G관할을G위한G최고G권한G기구는G주G의회이다UG주G의회는G주지사와G관리당국자들의G자문을G바탕으로G특정G건축G프로젝트를G승인한다UG그러나G운영G예산의G경우G대개G특정G기능O교직원G인건비SG경상비SG수용비G등P을G위해G개별G대학별로G일괄G배분하는G방식이G일반적이다UG주지사와G주G의회는G또한G 대학G교직원들의G연봉G증가G비율을G결정하지만SG개개인의G연봉액수를G결정하지는G않는다UG 이와G같이SG일반적으로G주G의회는G공립G기관들의G일상적인G운영과는G상당한G거리를G유지하고G있다UG일부G주들에서는G상대적으로G적은G규모의G지원금을G학생G수에G따라G사립G기관에G 지원하거나G사립학교G재학생들에게G장학금G지원G자격을G부여하는G경우가G있는데SG이런G경우를G제외하고는G주G의회는G사립G기관들에G대해G아무런G통제를G가하지G않는다UG

지방 자치 정부

지역전문대학들은G대부분G공립G기관이며G각G주G정부로부터G상당한G규모의G지원을G받는다UG 그러나G몇몇G주O예를G들어SG캘리포니아주나G메릴랜드주P의G경우G주G정부가G관리G및G운영G정책을G수립하지만SG주로G지방G자치G정부로부터G재정적G지원을G받는다UG

TGXXGT

제 4장 대학 재정

학생이나G그G가족이G지불하는G등록금은G고등교육의G전체G비용G중에서G일부만을G차지한다UG 나머지G부분은G다양한G수입원을G통해G충당된다UGc표GZeSc표G[eSc표G\eO이G페이지와G다음G 페이지G참조P에서는G평균적인G수준의G공립G대학이나G사립대학의G세입과G세출에G대한G전반적인G구조를G보여주고G있다UO대학의G설립G유형에G따라G서로G다른G회계절차를G따르고G있기G때문에SG공립과G사립간의G직접적인G비교는G적절하지G않을G수G있다UP

대학 세입의 원천

고등교육G재정에서G가장G주요한G세입원으로는G크게G학생과G학부모가G지불하는G등록금O학생들이G수업료를G지불하기G위해G이용하는G연방정부G프로그램에G따른G재정지원OfinancialG aidPG포함PSG그리고G연방정부SG주정부SG지방정부로부터G나오는G정부지출금OappropriationPSG보조금OgrantPSG사업비OcontractPSG마지막으로G기금OendowmentPSG개인G기부OprivateGgiftsPSG판매와G기타G서비스G등이G있다UG다양한G세입원G중에서도G대학의G유형에G따라G특정G세입원의G 중요도에G차이가G나타난다UGc표GZeSGc표G[eSGc표G\e에서G볼G수G있는G것처럼SG주정부나G지방정부의G지원G금액이G공립대학의G경우G세입의GZ^L를G차지하는G반면G사립대학에서는GYL에G 불과하다UG학생G등록금의G경우G공립G대학에G비해G사립대학의G세입에G더G많은G기여를G하고G 있다UG

c표GZeG공립G대학의G세입과G세출

연방G정부

OYWWZTW[년G기준P 세입XP퍼센트OLP 학생G등록금X]U\

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주정부와G지방G정부

기금OlndowmentPG및G개인기부OprivateGgiftPG수입판매와G기타G서비스YP

기타

세출

수업OinstructionP

연구G및G공공G서비스

ZZU[ X^U] ZWU` [U` `UY [

학술G지원SG대학G지원SG학생G서비스

장학금과G연구비OfellowshipP

부설G기관

기타

주GXPG세입에는G자본G개선OcapitalGimprovementP에G직접G투입된G세입원은G포함하지G않음U

주GYPG판매와G기타G서비스에는G투자수입SG부속기관G서비스SG병원과G기타G독립사업을G포함함U

출처aG|UzUGkepartmentGofGlducationSGuationalGjenterGforGlducationGztatisticsUG

GGGGGGpntegratedGwostsecondaryGlducationGkataGzystemOpwlkzPSGwublicGpnstitutionsTnovernmentalG hccountingGztandardsGioardGZ[VZaGmiscalGYWW[OanalysisGbyGtheGhjlGcenterGforGwolicyGhnalysisPUG

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c표G[eG사립대학의G세입과G세출

연방G정부

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이에G대해서G주정부와G공립대학은G등록금G인상을G통해G고등교육에G대한G책임을G납세자로 부터G학생으로G돌렸다UG지난GYW년간G학생G등록금G인상률은G물가인상률의G두G배를G기록하였으며SG이는G가계수입이나G학생재정지원금의G증가율을G능가하는G것이다UG대부분의G주에서G고 등교육에G대한G지원은G의료보험이나G초중등교육에G비해서는G부차적인G것이다UG의료보험비용이G급격하게G증가하고G또G초중등학교에G대한G지출은G줄어들어서는G않된다고G유권자들이G요구하기G때문에SG의회의원들이G예산을G삭감해야만G할G때G고등교육분야를G먼저G고려의G대상으로G하는G경우가G종종G발생한다UG이는G고등교육이G주정부G예산의G상당한G부분을G차지하고G있을G뿐만G아니라GO감옥과G같은G경우와는G달리PG학부모와G학생이G지불하는G등록금이라는G또다 른G대안이G존재하기G때문이다UG경제가G어렵고G주정부G세수OtaxGrevenueP가G부족해질G때SG주OstatesP는G고등교육비를G삭감하고G대학이G수업료를G인상해서G그G차이를G보충하기를G기대한

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펠 그랜트(1FMM (SBOUT)

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GG

캠퍼스 중심 프로그램

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연방 학자금 융자

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학생들의T특히G전문대학원G학생들의G경우TG총G대출금G액수는G부담이G될G수G있다UG하지만G 대출금G액수G자체만으로G학생들이G상환하는데G어려움을G겪을G것이라고G단정할G수는G없다UG 대출받은G학생이G느끼는G부담G정도는G대출금액보다는G소득에G따라G좌우된다UG

c표G^eG연방G학자금G대출액의G중앙값OtedianP

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세제 혜택

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연방정부의G재정지원G프로그램에G참여하는G대학들은G교사교육OteacherGpreparationP에서 부터G운동부G내의G양성평등G문제에G이르기까지G다양한G범위의G내용에서G연방정부G보고G사항을G준수해야만G한다U

재정지원 패키지

대학의G입학허가는G때때로G주정부SG연방정부SG대학G차원의G다양한G재정G프로그램을G혼합한G재정지원패키지OfederalGaidGpackagesP를G포함하고G있다UG이렇게G대학이G제시한G재정지원패키지로G학생의G재정적인G필요를G완전하게G충족시키지G못할G수도G있는데SG이G경우에G학생은G가능하다면G추가G자금을G대출하거나G혹은G비용이G좀G더G싼G대학을G선택할G수G있다UG

학생모집을G위한G경쟁SG특히G학업능력이G우수한G학생을G유치하기G위한G경쟁의G하나로G대학들은G보다G매력적인G재정지원보조패키지O수업료G할인과G같은P를G제시하게G되었으며SG이는G 학생과G학부모사이에G마치G쇼핑하는G것처럼G최고의G재정지원패키지OpackageP를G찾아G돌아 다니며G물색할G수G있다는G기대감을G불러일으켰다UG풍부한G발전기금을G보유하고G있고G경쟁이G 매우G치열한G몇몇G대학의G경우SG재정적인G필요와는G상관없이G학생에게G입학을G허가하고SG학생의G재정부담G능력을G벗어나는G모든G비용을G부담하겠다는G제안을G하기도G한다UG일반적으로G 재정지원패키지OfinancialGaidGpackageP는G무상보조금SG학자금G융자SG근로장학G프로그램의G 조합으로G이루어진다U

G

TGYXGT

제 5장 평가인증제도

미국의G대학평가인증제도는G대부분의G다른G나라의G경우G정부의G주도에G의해G실시되는G질G 관리의G유형과는G차이가G있다UG미국에서G평가인증과정은G자발적이고G비정부적이며SG자율적인G형태로G발전해왔다UG이것은G분권화되어G있으며SG사립의G비영리G평가기관들OaccreditingG organizationsP에G의해서G수행된다UG평가기관들은G대학을G회원으로G하는G기관이며G회비로G 운영된다U

그러나G연방정부와G주정부는G대학들에G대해G책무성G확보G요건을G부여할G수G있고G실제로G 그렇게G하고G있다UG연방정부G교육부는G지역별OregionalPG및G전국적OnationalPG평가인증기관OaccreditationGorganizationP들을G이용하여SG어떤G대학이G학생재정지원G프로그램O다음에G설명되는G기관인정G절차G부분G참조P과G같은G연방정부G프로그램의G지원을G받을G수G있을G정도의G 충분한G학문적G질이나G대학운영의G건전성을G확보하고G있는지G결정하게G된다UG또한G주정부의G 재정지원을G받기G위해서도G평가인증이G필요하다UG전문직업분야에서의G면허나G자격을G취득하려는G사람G역시G평가인증을G받은G대학과G교육프로그램을G졸업해야G한다U

평가인증의 목적

평가인증의G목적은G학생과G대학사회G및G기업체G그리고G일반G대중에게G고등교육G기관이나G 교육프로그램의G질을G보장하기G위한G것이다UG평가인증G과정은G해당G대학이G자신의G교육이념에G부합하는G학문적G수준을G유지하고G있고SG적절하게G운영되고G있으며SG연방정부나G주정부의G특정G프로그램에G참여할G수G있는G자격을G확보하고G있다는G사실을G입증해G준다UG

평가인증의 유형

기본적으로G평가인증에는G두G가지G유형이G있다UG기관OinstitutionalP평가인증과G학문분야별OspecializedPG평가인증이G그것이다UG기관평가인증기구OinstitutionalGaccreditorsP는G대학G전체를G하나의G평가G단위로G보고SG기준을G설정하여G평가하게G된다UG학분분야별G평가기구들은G 대학G내의G특정G프로그램이나G학과에G대해G평가를G실시한다UG거의G모든G전문학위분야 OprofessionalP에서G학문분야별G평가인증이G이루어지고G있다UG하지만SG화학분야를G제외한G대부분의G인문학이나G자연과학분야의G경우G평가인증이G이루어지지G않는다U

기관평가인증

미국G내G지역별OregionalP로G구성된G]개의G평가인증기관들이G대부분의G비영리의GY년제G및G [년제G학위수여G대학과G일부G사설O영리G사립PG기관들을G평가인증한다UG전국규모OnationalP로G 구성된GXX개의G평가인증기관들이G대부분의G영리목적의G대학교나G전문대학원에G대한G평가인증을G실시하고G있으며SG학위수여기관이나G자격증만G수여하는G기관G모두를G포함하고G있다UG 일부G종교관련G대학이나G신학대학G역시도G전국규모의G평가인증기관에G의해G평가를G받는다UG 비록G평가인증G지위는G일정G기간G동안G부여되는G것이G일반적이지만SG평가인증기구들은G회원G 대학이나G프로그램에G대해G언제든지G점검할G수G있는G권한을G보유하고G있다U

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기관평가인증OinstitutionalGaccreditationP은G비록G원칙적으로는G자발적이지만SG대학의G생존에는G필수적이다UG기관평가인증G여부는G학부모나G진학희망G학생들G그리고G진학상담교사들이G대학을G선택할G때G가장G기본적으로G고려하는G사항이다UG평가인증G지위를G상실하거나G상실할G위기에G처한G대학은G학생G모집이나G유수G교수G유치G등에서G매우G불리해진다UG대학이G 연방정부의G지원금을G받기위해서는G반드시G미국G교육부가G인정한G평가기구에G의해서G평가인증을G받아야하며SG또한G평가인증은G각종G재단들G혹은G외부G재원으로부터G자금을G조성하는데G 필수적이다UG일반적으로G평가인증된G대학G졸업은G대학원을G진학하는데G최소한의G요건이G된다UG비인증대학에서G취득한G학위를G인정해주는G고용주는G좀처럼G없다UG

학문분야 평가인증

전문대학원이나G직업교육G관련G학교와G교육프로그램에G대한G학문분야G평가인증OspecializedGaccreditationPG또는G프로그램G평가인증은SG경영학SG의학SG미술SG무용SG언론학SG 공학SG법학G등과G같이G해당G분야의G전국G협의체가G구성한G평가위원회를G통해G이루어진다UG 각G분야별G평가기관들은G고유의G회원자격G요건SG평가인정의G준거SG평가G절차G등을G가지고G 있다UG많은G학문분야G평가인증기관들은G기관평가인증을G받은G대학에서G운영하는G교육프로그램에G대해서만G평가를G실시하고G있다UG하지만G일부G학문분야G평가인증기관들의G경우G오직G 한G가지G학문분야나G프로그램만을G운영하는G대학에G대해G평가를G실시하고G있다UG이러한G평가인증이G주정부의G면허나G자격G발급의G기본G조건으로G사용되기G때문에SG건축가SG치과의사SG 엔지니어SG변호사SG의사SG간호사G등의G전문직종에서G개업하고자G하는G학생에게는G평가인증된G 교육프로그램을G졸업하는G것이G필수적이다O학문분야G평가인증기구의G목록은GwwwUcheaUorg 에서G찾아볼G수G있음PUGYWW\년G후반G기준으로SG]Y개의G학문분야G평가인증기구가G있다UZXPG

평가인증 절차

평가인증의G주기는G최소G몇G년부터GXW년까지G다양하다UG평가인증은G지속적인G과정이며SG 평가인증G지위를G유지하기G위해서는G정기적인G평가가G필요하다UG평가인정기관들은SG대학의G 질과G대학G본연OintegrityP에G대한G일련의G요구사항을G바탕으로SG교육과정SG교수진SG학생의G 학습성과SG학생들의G특별활동SG재정G건전성G등과G같은G영역에G대한G대학들이G충족시켜야만G 하는G최소한의G기준을G설정하게G된다UG평가인증기관들은G이러한G기준들을G충족시키기G위해G 어떻게G해야G하는지에G대해G강제하지G않는다UG더G나아가SG평가인증이G일련에G기준을G이용하여G대학을G평가하는G것이기에SG어떤G대학이G다른G대학에G비해G상대적으로G얼마나G더G잘하고G 있는가에G대한G정보는G제공하지G않는다UG

평가인증을G받기G원하는G대학과G프로그램은SG평가인증기구들이G마련해놓은G기준들에G비추어G자신들의G성과가G어떠한지를G점검하는G자체평가연구부터G시작한다UG이후G자체평가연구에G 대한G동료G평가OpeerGreviewP와G현지방문평가로G이어지며SG이러한G동료평가와G현지방문평가 는G교수진과G대학행정가등G자원인사OvolunteerP로G구성된G외부평가단에G의해서G실시된다UG

평가인증기구는G평가단의G보고서를G바탕으로G평가인증여부에G대한G판단을G내리고G대학에G 그러한G결정을G통보한다UG만약에G어떤G프로그램이나G대학이G평가기준에G못미치는G경우에는SG 향후G일정한G기간G내에G기준을G충족시키지G못하면G평가인증지위를G상실하게G된다는G사실을G

ZXPGjouncilGforGoigherGlducationGhccreditationUG{heGconditionGofGaccreditationU

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해당G대학이나G프로그램에G통보하게G된다U

평가인증을G받은G기관의G목록을G살펴보기G위해서SG대학교육G평가인증G기관OhccreditedGpnstitutionsG ofGwostsecondaryGlducationP을G참조하면G되는데SG이G목록은G매년Ghjl가G출판하고G미국G교육부G 부설GlducationalGadvisingGcentre에서도G찾아볼G수G있다UG이G자료는GhjlG온라인G서점인G wwwUacenetUeduVbookstore에서도G구매가G가능하다UGjolh는SG전국규모의G회원제G단체로서SG

jolh나G교육부의G기관인정을G받은G평가기관들이G인증한G고등교육G기관과G프로그램을G조회할G수G 있는G온라인Gki를G운영하고G있다UOwwwUcheaUorgG참조PUGjolh에G대한G더G깊은G논의를G위해서G다 음G페이지를G참조하면G된다UG연방정부G교육부G역시도G이와G유사한G온라인Gki를G가지고G있으며SG교육부가G기관인정하는G평가기관이G인증한G고등교육G기관과G프로그램을G포함하고G있다 OwwwUopeUedUgovVaccreditationVG참조PU

기관인정 절차

평가인증기구는G“기관인정OrecognitionP”O평가인증기관에G대한G평가인증P으로G알려진G외부G 점검G과정을G통해서G책무성을G확보하게G된다UG기관인정을G받기G위한G과정은G대학이나G교육프로그램이G평가인증을G받기G위해G거치는G과정과G유사하다UG기관인정은G고등교육평가인증협의회OjolhP나G미국G교육부에서G실시하고G있다UG위에서G언급한G것처럼SG연방정부G교육부의G 기관인정은G연방G지원금을G얻기G위한G필수조건이다UG

기관인정을G받기G원하는G평가기구들은GjolhG또는G미G교육부가G마련한G기준에G맞추어G자체평가를G해야만G한다UG현장G방문이G필요할G수도G있고G그렇지G않을G수도G있다UG기관인정G절차의G마지막G단계로Gjolh나G교육부는G평가인증기구를G인정하거나G불인정할G수G있다UG기관인정G지위를G유지하기G위해서는G주기적인G점검이G필요하다UGjolh는G일반적으로G평가인증기관이G두G번의G중간보고서를G제출하면GXW년의G인정G지위를G부여하지만SG교육부의G인정주기는G\년이다U

많은G평가인증기구들은Gjolh와G미G교육부G모두로부터G기관인정을G받고자G한다UG그러나G 일부G기구들은G한G기관으로부터만G인정을G받고자G하는데G이는G개별G평가기관의G필요에G따라G 다르다UGjolh의G기관인정은G학문적인G적합성을G부여해G주는G것이고SG연방정부G교육부의G기관인정은G평가인증기관이G재정G건전성과G경영G능력SG공정한G입학과G모집G절차SG그리고G학생G 성공의G증거G등과G같이G연방정부가G지정한G영역에G대한G질G관리를G적절하게G수행하고G있어G 연방정부G자금을G받을G자격이G있음을G증명하는G것이다U

고등교육평가인증협의회($)&)

고등교육평가인증협의회OjouncilGforGoigherGlducationGhccreditationSGjolhP는G대학과G 지역별SG전국적SG학문분야별G평가인증기관SG고등교육G관련G단체SG그리고G특정G분야에G대한G 평가인증기관들을G회원으로G두고G있는G조직이다UGjolh의G기관인정G기준은G주로G질G보증과G 질G향상에G초점을G두고G있다UGjolh는G또한G연구와G분석SG토론을G조직하며SG평가인증과G질G 보증에G대한G모범G사례를G수집하고G배포하며SG고등교육기관과G평가인증기구사이의G분쟁을G 중재한다UGjolh에G대한G자세한G정보는GwwwUcheaUorg를G참조하면G된다U

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대학에는G여러G단계의G행정구조가G존재한다UGc그림G[e는G일반적인G종합대학의G구조이다UG 이G그림은G공식적인G행정구조를G보여주고G있는데G실제로G대학G경영진은G평의회와G권력을G공유하고G있다UG평의회는G교수진SG학생SG교직원을G모두G대표하거나G교수진만을G대표하는G기구이다UG사실상G‘분권화’된G구조를G갖고G있는G것이다UG

미국G내G대학의G내부G조직과G구조는G기관의G규모나G설립목적에G따라G다양하지만G몇G가지G 공통점이G존재한다UG

이사회(HPWFSOJOH CPBSE)

대학G행정구조의G최고G단계는G관리G혹은G정책결정G기구이다UG이G기구는GboardGofG regentsSGdirectorsSGtrusteesSGgovernorsG등G다양한G명칭을G지니고G있다UG이들G기구의G규모SG구조SG임명G방식은G각기G다르다UG공립대학G이사회의G위원들은G주지사가G임명하거나SG선거로G선출한다UG일부는G대학의G동문회와G같은G단체에서G선출하기도G한다UG사립대학의G경우G 이사회G임원G임기가G종료되면G임원진이G직접G새로운G임원을G지목하는G식으로G연임이G가능하다UG대학G이사회협회OhniSGhssociationGofGnoverningGioardsGofG|nivUGMGjollegesP에G의 하면G공립학교G이사회G임원G수는G대개GXW명G내외이고G사립대학G이사회는GZW명G정도이다UG 임기는GZ년부터GXY년까지G다양하다UG대다수의G대학에서G최장G재임기간까지G연임할G수G있다UG 이사회에는G조직구조SG정책SG운영방침에G대한G내규나G규칙이G마련되어G있다UG

일반적으로G이사회는G대학의G최고경영자OjlvP인G총장OpresidentGorGchancellorP을G선출해야G하고G대학의G효율적SG효과적G운영을G위한G일반운영SG재정SG학칙에G관한G정책을G수립해야G한다UG연합대학OuniversityGsystemP의G대표나G해당G주의G이사회에서G대학총장을G임명하는G경우도G있다UG보통G이사회는G대학G내G최고의G결정기구이나G총장SG평의회SG다른G기구와G함께G분권화된G권력구조를G취하고G있다UG가령G학사G관련G부문의G경우G상당수의G권한이G교수진에G있으며SG대부분G평의회나G여타G위원회를G통해G의사를G표출한다UG하지만G대다수의G학사G 관련G현안은G이사회의G최종G승인을G얻어야G한다UG

총장

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기타 부총장

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대학원장

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단과대학장

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학과장

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이다UG학과장은G교수들이G선출하거나G경영진이G지명하기도G하고G이G두G가지G방법을G함께G 사용하여G지명하기도G한다UG

기타 대학경영진

이G외G다른G보직들은G학교의G규모에G따라G학장이나G부처장이G임명한다UG이렇게G임용된G직원은G대학원G프로그램SG대학G예산SG학교G경영SG입학SG재정보조SG기숙사SG유학생G상담SG기타G 부분에서G활동하게G된다UG이G중G주요G보직과G업무는G다음과G같다U

입학처장

입학처장은G학장SG부총장급의G대우를G받기도G하며SG입학담당처장OdirectorPSG학장SG입학담당부총장OviceGpresidentGforGenrollmentGmanagementP의G직함을G갖게G된다UG입학처장은G학생G모집SG입학기준G설정G등을G담당하며SG경우에G따라서G학부생G선발심사에G직접G참여하기도G 한다UG또한G보통G학자금지원G부서를G관리감독하게G되는데SG통상G입학업무와G학자금지원업무가G긴밀히G연결되어G있기G때문이다UG많은G대학의G경우G입학서류를G심사하는G교수로G구성된G 위원회가G존재하며G[년제G대학의G경우G최고입학관리자OchiefGadmissionGofficerP가G주변의G Y년제G대학과G연계하여G편입학을G관리운영한다UG대학원G입학업무는G입학처에G소속되거나G해당G대학원에서G관리된다UG하지만G기본적으로G입학여부는G학과G내에서G결정된다UG

학적담당관

학적담당관OregistrarP은G학생관련G기록을G관리한다UG학적과의G업무는G다음과G같다UG학기별G등록G관리SG학위수여G충족요건G관리SG학업우수자G수상G증명SG교원에게G성적입력G요청SG학생상담부서에G학사경고G등의G통지SG최소학사기준에G도달하지G못한G학생을G해당G부서에G통보하는G것G등이다UG등록학생의G자료G구성SG학사일정별G마감기한G설정SG강의시간SG강의실SG기말시험G일정G계획G및G결정SG기타G변동사항G처리G등도G담당G업무이다UG

정부관계 담당관

정부관계G담당관OgovernmentGrelationsGofficerP은G주정부SG연방정부와G학교의G관계를G증진시키기G위해G일한다UG특히G공립대학의G경우G그G임무가G더G중요시된다UGY년제G대학의G경우G 지방정부와도G협력하게G된다UG부서의G장은G대외협력부총장이G맡게G된다UG입법관련SG대외홍보SG소속G주G및G국가G기관과G긴밀한G협력G등이G주G임무이다UG

교수평의회

학내G중요한G의사결정은G보통G교수진과G대학경영진이G함께G결정하는G구조로G이루어진다UG 이렇게G분권화된G구조에서G교수진의G의견은G교수평의회OfacultyGsenateP나G교수협의회를G통해G중요하게G전달된다UG평의회는G학사관련G의사결정G및G정책을G제안하는G역할을G담당하며G 새로운G교과과정G및G교과목SG학위충족요건SG교수신규채용G및G업무량G등이G이에G포함된다UG평의회G구성원은G통상적으로G전임교수이나G간혹G학생SG보직자G및G교직원SG단기교원G등이G활동

TGY`GT

하는G경우도G있다UG몇몇G대학에서G평의회는G최종결정을G내릴G수G있는G권한이G있는가G하면SG 다른G대학의G평의회는G행정G및G이사회G방침에G제안하는G역할을G한다UG통상적으로G소규모G대학은G모든G교원이G평의회에서G활동한다UG이보다G규모가G큰G대학의G평의회G위원은G특정G학과 나G단과대학을G대표하는G인사를G선출하는G경우가G많다UG

TGZWGT

제 7장 교수

미국의G대학에는GXWW만명G이상의G교원이G있다UO다른G나라에서G교원을GacademicGstaff라고도G부른다PG교원임용은GXP전임G또는G비전임SGYP정년보장SGZP정년트랙G또는G비정년트랙의G 형태로G이루어진다UG대다수G대학G강의는G박사학위나G그에G상응한G수준을G갖춘G교수가G담당한다UGY년제G대학은G인문분야SG과학G분야의G교수들이G대부분G박사학위를G소지하고G있는G반면SG기술G분야는G그렇지G않은G편이다UG

최근G정규직과G정년을G보장받은G교수의G비율이G줄어들고G있는G추세이다UG미국교수협회OtheGhmericanGhssociationGofG|niversityGwrofessorsP의GYWWZ년G보고에G따르면G학위수여 기관의G교수진G중G계약교수O비전임SG비정년트랙P의G비율이GX``\년G\_L에서G]\L로G상승했다UZYPG이G중G[]L가G비전임교수로G활동하고G있다UGX``\년에서GYWWZ년까지G정년을G보장받은G전임교수의G비율은GZXL에서GY[L로G감소하였다UG정년트랙에G있는G전임교수의G비율이G X^LG증가한G반면SG비정년트랙인G전임교수는G[XLSG비전임교수는G[ZL나G증가했다UG

이는G어떤G측면에서G재정적G압박에서G기인한G것이다UG대부분의G비전임교수의G급여가G전임교수보다G훨씬G낮게G책정되고G담당G강의G수에G따라G지급G받기G때문이다UG또한G대학입장에서G 비정년보장G교수가G많을수록G등록학생G수의G변동에G따라G자유롭게G임용할G수G있는G여지가G 있는G것도G하나의G이유이다UG

비전임교수에는G두G가지G부류가G있다UG하나는G어떤G분야의G전문가가G자신의G직업G외에G강의에G뜻이G있어서G비전임교수를G택하는G경우이다UG이들은G산G지식과G현장경험을G가르치므로G 학생들에게G인기가G높다UG또G다른G경우는G박사학위를G소지했으나G정규직을G찾지G못해서G여 러G대학에서G시간강의를G맡고G있는G경우이다UGYWWZ년G가을G기준으로GY년제G대학의G비전임교수의G비율은G]_L이고SG[년제G공립대학은GZWLSG[년제G사립대학은G[]L를G차지했다UZZPG

비전임교수와G비정년트랙교수의G의존도가G심화되어G가는G문제는G지금도G논란이G계속되고G 있다UG비전임교수는G그G분야의G실질적G전문가이며G강의실에G산G지식과G경험을G전달해주는G 기능을G한다UG또한G교수G임용에G유연성을G기할G수G있고G전임교수보다G낮은G급여로G고용할G 수G있으므로G재정적G부담을G완화할G수G있기도G하다UG그러나G비전임교수G임용은G대학과G교육적G측면에서G또G다른G비용이G소요될G수G있고G질G저하를G이유로G문제를G제기하는G사람도G있다UG비전임교수가G학생상담SG연구활동SG대학G또는G학과G운영에G참여하지G않기G때문이다UG

대학원G과정이G개설된G대학의G경우SG대학원생G수업조교G역시G수년G동안G많은G숫자가G강의 인력으로도G활용되어G왔다UG학부생의G개론G수업에G전임교수보다G더G많은G수업조교가G강의인력으로G투여되는G곳도G있다UG

임용과 직급

교수임용SG재계약G및G계약해지SG승진은G대개G학과G내의G정년보장교원의G추천에G의해G이뤄진다UG이러한G의사결정은G계열별G학과G교수위원회O사회과학SG인문학SG의학과G등P와G대학차원

ZYPGhmericanGhssociationGofG|niversityGwrofessorsUGOYWW\PUG{rendsGinGfacultyGstatusSGX`^\―YWWZUG ~ashingtonSGkjaGhuthorUGwwwUaaupUorgVhh|wVpubsresVresearchVtrendsX`^\TYWWZUhtmUG참조

ZZPsGta|tUizstUiGcskSeGYpWarWt\mGeOuntjGlozfGGYlWWd]ucTaWtZioWnPSUGuationalGjenterGforGlducationGztatisticsUGkigestGofGeducationG

TGZXGT

의G위원회의G검토를G거쳐G해당G권한이G있는G장O長P이G결정하게G된다UG대학G유형SG전례와G규모G등에G따라G최종G승인의G형태는G다르지만G많은G대학에서G해당G단과대학장의G승인을G요구한다UG혹은G총장을G거쳐G이사회에서G결정하기도G한다UG최초G직급은G해당G교원의G자질SG경험SG 강의G경력SG사회봉사SG연구SG출판된G저서G등을G고려하여G결정된다UG보편적으로G교수의G직급은G전임강사OinstructorPSG조교수SG부교수SG정교수로G나뉜다UG강사SG겸임G교수SG명예G교수도G

포함된다UG

전임강사

전임강사OinstructorP는G박사학위를G소지하지G않은G전임교원SG정년트랙G교원의G첫G번째G직급이다UG박사학위를G소지하지G않은G기간제SG계약제G교원G등도G전임강사가G될G수G있다UG전임강사G기간은G정년보장을G받기G위해G필수적으로G요구되는G견습기간의G일부로G여겨진다UG보통G X년G단위로G매년G계약이G갱신된다UG이들은G대부분G박사학위를G마치면G조교수로G승진하게G된다UG만일G계약기간이G끝난G후에G승진하지G못했다면G더G이상의G계약연장은G이루어지지G않는 다UG

조교수

박사학위는G소지하였지만G고등교육기관에서G강의경험이G거의G없다면G조교수OassistantG professorP로G임용된다UG전미대학교수협회OhmericanGhssociationGofG|niversityG wrofessorsP에G따르면G조교수는GZ년G단위의G계약이G이루어지며G최고G]년까지G갱신될G수G있다고G한다UG대부분의G대학에서G정년트랙에G있는G교원이G조교수로G지낼G수G있는G기간은G최대G ^년이다UG만일G정년보장을G받지G못한다면G계약이G끝난G후G다른G대학으로G자리를G옮겨야G한

다UG

부교수

조교수로G일정기간O보통G\년에서G^년PG근무한G후SG일정G자격요건O박사학위G취득SG일정G수준의G강의G평가점수SG해당G학문에G기여도SG봉사실적G등P을G충족한G교원은G부교수OassociateG professorP로G승진할G수G있는G자격을G얻게G된다UG정년보장G심사도G대개G이G시기에G이루어진다UG부교수로G재직할G수G있는G기간에G제한은G없다UO부교수로G정년퇴임하는G경우도G있다UPG그렇다고G정교수로G승진이G되지G않아도G해고되지는G않는다UGO정년보장을G받은G경우에만G해당PG 최근에는G모든G종신교원이G\년에서GXW년마다G연봉심사G외에G교원자격에G대한G심사를G받는G 곳도G있다UG이렇게G정기적으로G자격요건에G대한G심사를G함으로써G해당G교원의G실적이G기준에G미달할G경우G계약을G해지할G수G있는G근거가G되기도G한다UG

정교수

부교수로G\~]년을G재직하면G정교수OprofessorP로G승진할G수G있는G자격을G얻게G된다UG이 는G대학G교수로써G가장G높은G직급이다UG정교수G승진은G단순히G부교수G재직G연수만을G고려하여G이루어지는G것은G아니다UG교육SG연구SG봉사실적G등이G대학과G학문의G발전에G지대한G영향을G미쳤다고G인정될G때G정교수가G될G수G있다UG위G세G가지G요인의G중요도는G각G대학의G이념에G따라G달라질G수G있다UG

TGZYGT

명예교수

명예교수OprofessorGemeritusP는G오랜G시간동안G괄목할G만한G공헌을G한G교원에게G수여되는G명예직이다UG보통G정년G퇴임G시G수여된다UG

강사

강사OlecturerP는G특정G분야에G제한된G기간G동안G단기간으로G임용된G교원을G말한다UG간혹G 임용기간의G제한G없이G비정년트랙의G강사로G임용되는G경우도G있다UG객원교수OvisitingG professorP도G강사와G비슷한G개념이며G일정수준의G경험과G사회적G지위를G가진G학자가G일정기간G대학교원으로G재직하는G경우가G이에G속한다UG

겸임조교수, 겸임부교수

단기간G재직하는G교수이다UG경우에G따라서G미국G외의G대학에서G온G객원교수로G한G학기나G X년간G근무하는G경우에G이렇게G부르기도G한다UG

교수진에서의 여성과 소수민족

박사과정에G등록된G여성과G소수민족OminoritiesP의G수가G증가하고G있음에도G불구하고G상위직급에G오른G숫자가G적으며SG소수민족의G경우G실제G교수가G되는G수는G미미하다UGc표G`e에서G 나타나듯G남성은G정교수가G더G많고SG여성은G조교수SG전임강사SG강사SG기타G계약강사G등이G더G 많다UG또한G백인은G모든G직급에G걸쳐G최소G^\L이상G포진해G있으나SG소수민족G교원은G보통G 부교수SG조교수SG전임강사SG강사에G머물러G있음을G알G수G있다UG전반적으로G소수민족O히스패닉SG아프리카계G미국인SG아시아계G미국인SG인디언P들은G모든G직급에서G낮은G수치를G보이고G 있다UG

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역할과 책임

대부분의G교수진은GOXP교육SGOYP해당G학문분야의G기준에G따른G연구나G학문SG예술G활동SGOZP

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대학G내SG학술단체SG지역사회에서의G봉사활동G등의G임무가G있다UG이러한G활동의G평가결과는G 승진SG정년보장O아래G참고PSG급여G인상G등에G영향을G미친다UG

연구G교수로G임용된G소수의G교원을G제외한G모든G교원은G강의의G의무가G있다UG일반적인G수업“부담”은G대학의G유형에G따라G다르다UGY년제G대학G교수들은G학기당G\과목을G강의해야G하는G경우도G있다UG반면G일부G[년제G대학은G연구과제G수가G많거나G사회봉사G프로젝트OserviceG projectP가G많은G교수에게G학기당G한G과목G정도의G강의만G맡기기도G한다UG

사회봉사실적에는G교내에서의G위원회G활동SG학생지도SG기타G행정업무에G준하는G역할들G뿐G 아니라G학술단체에서의G임원활동G혹은G교수의G학문적인G전문성과G연관된G지역사회G단체에서 의G활동G등이G포함된다UG전임교원과G정년보장트랙G교원은G원로가G되면G학과G업무를G처리하거나G학내G위원회에G참여해야G한다UG대학들이G해당G지역사회와의G관계를G강화하고G학생들에 게G폭넓은G학습기회를G제공하기G위해G노력함에G따라G학교G외부G봉사활동에G대한G중요성이G 강조되고G있다UG

대다수G[년제G대학의G교수들은G학술활동SG연구SG또는G예술G활동에G적극적으로G참여해야G 한다UG그러나G이들에게G주어진G임무가G모두G동일하지G않고G각G활동에G필요한G시간과G노력의G 양은G대학의G이념과G전공학문분야SG교수G직급과G경력에G따라G각기G다르다UG가령G연구중심대학의G교수는G연구활동에G더G많은G시간을G투자하는G반면SGY년제G대학의G교수는G강의와G사회봉사활동에G더G치중하는G경향이G있다UG

교수에G대한G평가는G업적SG학력이나G경력SG재직기간G등을G고려하여G이루어진다UG보통G급여G 조정은G소속G학과에서G매년G시행하며SGZ~\년G후에G정년보장G심사를G하게G된다O아래에G논의 됨PUG심사는G해당G연도의G교육SG연구SG사회봉사G실적을G고려하여G이루어진다UG실제G평가기준은G대학의G이념에G따라G달라진다UG

정년보장

정년보장제도는G출중한G능력을G인정받은G이들이G학문분야에서G경력을G쌓아갈G수G있도록G 학문적G자유를G보장하고G충분한G경제적G안정을G제공하는G제도이다UG정년보장은G견습기간G후G 지속적인G임용계약을G맺은G교원을G대상으로G이루어진다UG정년이G보장된G교원은G대학의G재정위기나G교육프로그램의G통폐합과G같은G중대한G사유가G발생한G경우에G한해G적법한G절차를G거쳐G해임될G수도G있다UGc그림G\e에서G나타나듯GYWWZ년도에G정년이G보장된G전임교원의G수치는GXW년G전인G\XL에서G[\L로G하락했다UG대신G같은G기간G동안G정년보장을G받지G않거나G비정년트랙에G속한G전임교원의G수치가G증가했다UG

정년보장G심사대상은G보통G]년차G부교수이며G같은G학과교수들이G해당G교수의G교육SG연구SG 사회봉사G실적에G대한G심층평가를G실시한다UG그G후G학과장이G단과대학장이나G교무처장OprovostP에게G적임자를G추천하면SG총장의G추천을G바탕으로G이사회에서G최종결정을G내리게G 된다UG

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통상G연구와G교육의G비중이G가장G높다UG연구실적에G대한G평가기준은G대학의G이념에G따라G 다르며G같은G유형이라G하더라도G각G대학에G따라G다르다UG강의평가는G학생들이G작성한G질문지를G통해G이루어지고G동료교수가G교실에G방문해G이루어지는G경우도G있다UG강의평가에서G고

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없다UG그러나GY년제G대학G및G학사학위G수여G대학ObaccalaureateGcollegesP은G예외가G될G수도G있다UG사회봉사활동은G정년보장G결정에G가장G적은G비중으로G평가되는G항목이다UG물론G사회봉사활동이G매우G특출하고G뛰어난G경우엔G평가비중이G다른G것보다G우선할G수도G있다UG

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정규G학령기G학생보다G연령이G높은G학생과G시간제G등록생의G계속적인G증가G추세는SG배움이란G것이G평생에G걸쳐G이루지는G것이며SG모든G사람에게G대학G수준의G교육에G대한G접근G기회를G제공해야G한다는G미국인들의G믿음을G반영한G것이다UG또한G이는G대학교육을G받으면서도G 피고용상태를G유지하거나G가족G부양의G책임을G감당해야G하는G학생들의G비율이G높음을G보여 준다UGYWWZTW[학년도G학부생의GZ분의GX은G정규직업을G가지고G있고SG[XL는G시간제OpartG timeP로G일하고G있다UZ^PG학부과정의G정규G학업기간은G[년이지만SG일반적으로G미국G대학생들이G학위를G취득하는데G소요되는G기간은G이보다G조금G길어G공립대학의G경우G평균G]년SG사립대학의G경우G평균G\년이다UZ_P

미국G대학에서는G학생의G이수학점G수에G따라G학년을G구분하게G된다UG학업을G시작하는G학생은GX학년OfreshmanPSGZXT]W학점을G취득한G학생은GY학년OsophomorePSG]XT`W학점을G취득한G학생은GZ학년OjuniorPSG그리고G`X학점G이상을G취득한G학생은G[학년OseniorP으로G구분된

다U

미국G학부생들의G학교간G이동이G매우G빈번하여GX개G이상의G대학에서G학업을G수행하기도G 한다UG학사학위G수여자의G거의G]WL가GY개G이상의G대학에서G학점을G취득하고G있다UG경우에G

Z]PGhmericanGjouncilGonGlducationUGjollegeGstudentsGtodayU

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따라서는G이들G대학이G서로G다른G주O州P에G소재하기도G한다U

학위

미국에서는G각G주O州P마다G해당G지역에G소재한G대학이G수여할G수G있는G학위의G수준을G규정하지만SG국가적인G차원에서G학부나G대학원G수준G학위의G명칭을G규정한G법률은G없다UG각G 대학은G자율적으로G과정별G졸업요건을G결정하며SG통상적으로G주정부G혹은G학문분야별G평가

인정기관에서G수립한G지침에G따라G결정한다UG

준학사학위

Y년제G대학과G소수의G[년제G고등교육기관에서G준학사O전문학사P학위OassociateGdegreeP를G 수여하는데SG일반적으로G]W학점G이수를G요건으로G한다UG준학사O전문학사P는G일부G직업G분야 의G경우G최종G학위이기도G하고SG[년제G대학G진학을G위한G준비G과정이기도G하다U

학사학위

학사학위ObachelorNsGdegreeP는G가장G일반적으로G수여되는G학위G유형으로SG학사학위G취득은G대다수의G직업분야G진출G혹은G대학원G진학을G위한G준비G과정이다UG[년간의G정규등록을G 필요로G하는G학사학위의G경우SG전통적으로G문학사OihP나G이학사OizP가G수여되어G왔으나SG일부G대학의G경우G특정G전공OconcentrationPG영역을G학위G명칭에G나타내기도G한다UG이러한G경향은G특히G교육학사SG간호학사SG사회복지학사와G같은G전문분야G전공영역에서G두드러진다UG예술학사학위의G경우G통상G미술SG연기SG무용과G같은G활동분야의G전공을G나타낸다U

입학

입학요건

학생들은G보통G고등학교G졸업장G취득에G필요한GXY년간의G초등교육과G중등교육을G마치고G X_세에G대학에G입학하게G된다UG대학입학을G준비하는G학생이라면SG최소GYW개의G교과목OyearlongGcoursesP을G이수해야G하는데SG여기에는G[년간의G영작문과G영문학SGZ년간의G수학과목O보통GX년간의G기하와GY년간의G대수PSGZ년간의G사회과목O보통G미국사SG세계사SG미국정치OhmericanGgovernmentPPSG그리고GZ년간의G과학과목O일반과학SG생물SG화학SG물리의G조합P이G 포함된다UG이들G교과목의G이수는G대부분의G주O州P에서G고등학교G졸업이나G대학입학을G위한G 최소한의G요건이다UG하지만G고등학교G졸업과G대학G입학요건이G주O州P별로G너무G다기다양하기에G대학들은G독자적인G입학요건을G설정한다UG경쟁률이G높은G대학에G입학하기G위해서G학생들은G[년G동안G위에G제시된G[개G과목을G이수해야G할G뿐만G아니라G최소GY년G이상G외국어과 목을G이수해야G한다U

고등학교를G졸업하지G못한G학생들도G[년제G대학에G입학할G수G있는데SG이는G지역전문대학OcommunityGcollegeP에서G적절한G학업을G마친G후G[년제G대학으로G편입하는G방법이다UG또G 다른G방법은G고등학교졸업학력검정고시OneneralGlducationalGkevelopmentSGnlkP에G합격하는G방법이다UGhmericanGjouncilGonGlducationOhjlP에G의해G시행되는G고졸검정고시

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OnlkP를G통과하면G고등학교G졸업과G동등한G자격을G지닌G것으로G인정된다UGO보다G자세한G내용은GwwwUacenetUeduG참조PG고졸검정고시에G의한G졸업G자격은G일련의G시험에G통과했을G때G 주어지게G되는데SG이G시험은G일반G고교G과정을G정상적으로G이수한G사람이라면G갖추고G있을G 주요G학업성과를G측정하기G위해G마련된G것이다UGYWW\년의G경우G미국에서G\_^S]_`명이G이G 시험에G응시하였으며SG이중G^YL인G[YZS^X[명이G시험에G통과하여G고등학교졸업학력을G인정받았다UZ`P

입학절차

대학G입학G지원G절차는G매우G단순할G수도G있고G매우G복잡할G수도G있다UG미국G대학들의G입학경쟁률은G매우G다양해서SG고등학교G졸업장G소지자나G이와G동등한G학력의G지원자G모두가G 입학이G가능한O외국G학생에게는G적용되지G않음PG개방형의GY년제G또는G[년제G대학이G있는G반면SG경쟁이G매우G치열하여G응시자의G아주G낮은G비율만이G합격이G가능한G연구중심대학이나G 자유교양학부대학OliberalGartsGcollegesP도G있다UG어떤G학생들은G여러G대학에G지원하여G입학G 허가를G받은G대학G중G한G곳에G등록하게G된다UG경쟁이G치열한G대학에G지원하는G학생은G여러G 개의G응시원서를G제출하게G되는데SG원서에는G보통G고등학교G성적표SG표준화된G대학입학시험G 점수SG과외활동이나G지역사회G봉사활동G실적SG그리고G대학에서G제시한G주제에G관한G에세이G 등이G포함된다UG합격G혹은G불합격의G결과를G기다리는G것은G이들G학생과G학부모들을G상당히G 초조하게G만드는G일이다U

입학사정의G기준은G대학G유형에G따라G상당히G다양하다UG그리고G각G대학들은G학교의G설립이념에G부합하는G입학정책을G채택하고G있다UG경쟁이G치열한G일부G대학들의G입학사정은G학생의G고교성적SG입학시험G점수SG추천서SGO외국인G유학생의G경우PG언어G능력SG지역사회G및G리더십G활동SG그리고G에세이G등에G기초해G이루어진다UG경쟁률이G높은G대학에서는G응시생에게G등록시점으로부터G최대GX년G전에G지원하도록G요구하는G경우도G있으며SG합격여부에G대한G결정이G모든G지원자에G대한G평가가G끝날G때까지G지연되기도G한다UG이들G대학은G고교G성적SG입학시험G점수SG기타G요소들에G대해G각기G다양한G가중치를G두고G평가한다U

대학G입학사정을G통과하는G것이G자동적으로G특정G과정이나G전공에G대한G합격을G보장하는G 것은G아니다UG예를G들어G간호학과에G입학하기G위해서는G대학G차원의G입학기준에G합격해야G 하는G것은G물론SG전국간호협회OuationalGseagueGforGuursingP에서G주관하는G간호입문시험OpreTnursingGexaminationP에서G일정G점수를G획득해야만G한다UG미술SG음악SG연기와G같은G예술분야의G경우G응시자들은G예술적G재능을G입증하기G위해G자신의G작품G포트폴리오를G제출하거나G실기시험OauditionP에G응해야G한다UG또한G과학이나G공학G전공의G경우G일반적인G합격기준G보다G높은G수학시험G점수를G요구하기도G한다U

대학입학시험

미국에서는G전국적으로G통용되는G표준G중등교육G교육과정이나G고등학교G졸업시험이G없다UG 때문에G많은G수의G대학과G장학재단에서는G대학G지원자들이G대학입학시험에G응시할G것을G요구하고G있다UG이러한G입학시험G점수는G지원자들G개개인의G학업G잠재력을G평가하고G지원자간G 능력을G비교할G수G있는G잣대를G제공해G준다U

대학G지원자들은GjollegeGlntranceGlxaminationGioardG또는GhmericanGjollegeG

Z`PGhmericanGjouncilGonGlducationUGneneralGlducationalGkevelopmentG{estingGzerviceUGOYWW]PUG~hoG passedGtheGnlkGtestsfGYWW\GstatisticalGreportUG~ashingtonSGkjaGhuthorU

TG[WGT

{estingGwrogram에서G주관하는G입학시험에G응시해야G한다U

GG■GjollegeGioard에서G주관하는G4DIPMBTUJD TTFTTNFOU 5FTU (45)는G총G시험시간이G Z시간G[\분이고SG선다형G문항들과GY\분간의G작문으로G구성되어G있다UG이G시험은G학생들의G비판적G사고능력SG수리적G추론능력SG작문능력을G측정하기G위한G것이다UG학생들은G 지원하고자G하는G각G대학의G입학G요구조건에G따라G추가적으로G영문학SG역사SG사회SG수학SG과학SG외국어G분야G중에서GX∼Y개G분야를G선택하여GX시간G동안의G과목별G시험Ozh{G zubjectG{estP을G치르기도G한다O보다G자세한G사항은GwwwUcollegeboardUorgG참조PUG

GG■GNFSJDBO $PMMFHF 5FTUJOH ($5) 1SPHSBN에서는Gzh{와G유사한G대학입학시험인G hj{시험을G주관하고G있다UGhj{시험은G영어SG수학SG독해SG과학적G추론의G[개G시험G영역으로G구성되어G있다O보다G자세한G사항은GwwwUactUorgG참조PU

GG■GjollegeGioard에서G주관하는GEWBODFE 1MBDFNFOU &YBNJOBUJPOT는G고등학교G학생들에게G대학수준의G학점을G취득할G수G있는G기회를G제공하고G있다UG많은G대학들에서G 일정G수준G이상의Ghw시험G점수를G획득한G학생들에게G학점을G부여하고G있으며SG보다G 높은G수준의G강좌를G수강할G수G있도록G허용해G주기도G한다O보다G자세한G사항은G wwwUcollegeboardUorgG참조PUG

학사일정

미국G대부분의G대학에서G한G학년도OacademicGyearP는G_월G말에서G`월G초에G개시되어G[ 월G말에서G\월G중에G종료되며SG각G대학은G자체적으로G학사일정을G정하고G있다UG그리고G대부분의G대학은G연간GY학기제OsemesterP로G운영되는데SG한G학기는G기말고사기간GX주를G포함한G X]주로G구성된다UG가을학기는GXY월G중순에G끝나고SG봄학기는GX월G중에G시작된다UG일부G대학SG특히G자유교양학부대학OliberalGartsGcollegeP의G경우GX월이나G\월G경에GZT[주G단위의G 학기를G운영하는데G학생들은G이G시기에G한G과목을G등록하여G수강할G수G있다U

많은G대학에서G여름학기OsummerGsessionP를G운영하는데SG여름학기는G]주G과정OsessionPG Y개로G구성된다UG학생들은G각G과정OsessionP별로GXTY개의G과목에G등록할G수G있다UG하지만G 여름학기의G경우SG가을학기나G봄학기에G비해G수강G가능한G과목의G선택G범위는G상당히G줄어들게G된다UG학생들이G여름학기를G꼭G등록해야G하는G것은G아니며SG대부분의G교수진들G역시G 이G시기에G강의를G하지G않는다UG여름G학기를G수강하는G주된G이유로는G낙제한G과목의G재수강SG정규G학기보다G부담이G적은G수강G일정SG조기G졸업SG또는G어려운G과목의G경우G해당G과목에만G집중할G수G있다는G장점G등이G있다U

비록G대부분의G대학들이G전통적인G`개월OY학기제PG학사일정을G채택하고G있지만SG많은G대학들이G학생들의G요구와G스케줄을G충족하기G위한G노력의G일환으로G학사일정을G혁신하여G단기강좌SG중복G학기OoverlappingGsemesterPSG압축적인G주말강좌G등을G제공하고G있다U

일부G대학들의G경우G[학기제를G운영하기도G하는데SG이G경우GXW주G과정GZ개G학기와G여름학기로G구성된다UG학생들은G각G학기별로GZT[개G과목을G수강하게G되는데SG이는G전통적인GY학기제에서G학기별로G\개G과목을G수강하는G것과G비교된다UG지난GXW년G동안G[학기제를G도입했던G많은G대학들이G보다G일반적인G형태의GY학기제를G다시G채택하기는G했지만SG일부G대학에서 는G여전히G[학기제를G채택하고G있다U

TG[XGT

교육과정의 구조

교육과정과G관련해서는G이수학점G관련G부분에서G일부G언급된G바G있다UG학사학위를G취득하기G위해G학생들이GXYW학점G이상G또는G동등의G자격을G취득해야G한다는G사실이G교육과정G구성의G출발점이다UG기초학력G수준이G상이하여G학문분야에G따라G요구되는G학습량에도G차이가G 있긴G하지만SG공학이나G건축학과G같이G이수해야G할G과목의G요구조건이G더G많은G분야의G경우G 졸업학점을GXYW학점으로G제한하는G것이G문제가G되기도G한다UG이러한G경우G\년제G학제를G시행하고SG전문학위인G석사학위를G수여하게G된다UG반면G인문학G등G자유교양분야의G경우GXYW학점보다G적은G이수학점이G필요하며SG자유선택과목들을G수강하게G된다U

졸업에G필요한GXYW학점은G교양교육OgeneralGeducationPSG전공교육OmajorPSG그리고G전공분야에G따라G자유선택과목OfreeGelectivesPGZ가지로G구분할G수G있다UG이GXYW학점G중G전공교육G 및G관련분야의G학점G비중은G최대G`W학점O예를G들어G공학SG음악분야P부터G최소GZ]학점O대부분의G인문학SG사회과학분야P까지G학문분야별로G상이하다UG교양교육은G적게는GZW학점부터G많게는G절반까지G차지할G수G있는데SG통상적으로GZ]학점에서G[Y학점G정도이다UG결론적으로SG일부G학생들은G자유선택과목을G수강할G여력이G전혀G없는G반면SG다른G학생들은GZ분의GXG이상을G 자유선택과목으로G수강할G수G있는G여유를G갖게G된다UG후자의G경우G복수전공OdoubleG majoringP으로G알려진G두G번째G전공을G이수하는G경우가G흔히G나타난다U

교과목과 학점

미국G대학의G교육과정은G개별G과목OcourseP으로G구성되며SG각G과목별로G특정G숫자로G표시되는G학점이G있다UG각G과목에G대한G통제권은G해당G과목을G개설하는G학과OacademicG departmentP가G갖으며SG더G크게는G그G과목을G가르치는G개별G교수자가G갖게G된다UG일반적으로G새로운G과목의G개설은G학과G수준G이상의G승인이G필요한데SG이러한G승인은G교수평의회OfacultyGsenatePG또는G이를G위해G교수로G구성된G다른G형태의G기구나G위원회에서G담당하게G 된다UG비록G교과목의G내용이나G학문적G수준은G학과의G지침을G따르는게G일반적이지만SG어떻게G가르치는가에G관해서는G개별G교수자가G상당한G재량권을G갖게G된다UG개별G교수자들은G어떤G교재를G선택할G지와SG교수요목OsyllabusP을G어떻게G구성할G지를G결정하게G된다UG대학에G 따라서G많은G수의G학생들에게G입문G강좌OintroductoryGcourseP를G여러G교수G또는G여러G캠퍼스에서G가르치게G될G경우SG일단의G교수들이G모여G교육내용SG교수요목SG과제내용G등을G공동으로G결정하게G된다UG과목G개설에서G순차성OsequenceP이G요구되는G일부G과목O대부분G과학분야 에서P을G제외하고는SG대부분G과목의G수강G순서에G대한G제한은G거의G없다UG다수의G교수자에G 의해G똑같은G과목이G개설될지라도G그G차이는G상당하다U

일반적으로G한G과목에G표시되는G학점은G일주일G동안의G수업G시간수에G의해G결정된다UG전형적인GZ학점G과목의G경우SG일주일에G\W분씩G하는G수업을GZ번G또는G^\분G수업의G경우GY번으로G이루어지며SG한G학기G동안G총GX\주에G걸쳐G수업이G이루어진다UG이러한G“출석시간OseatG timeP”은G교실G밖에서G이루어지는G교과수업OoutTofTclassGcourseworkP이나G학습시간과G반드시G일치하는G것은G아니다UG특히G과학분야의G과목에서G이러한G경향이G두드러지는데SG이론수업G이외에G실험실습이G더해지는G과학G과목들은G해당G과목G수료에G추가G수업시간이G포함되게G된다UG

대학을G졸업하기G위해서G학생은G매학기G평균GX\학점O\과목P을G[년O_학기P간G등록하거나G

TG[YGT

약G[W과목을G이수해야G한다UG학사학위를G취득하기G위해서는G대부분의G경우GXYW학점을G이수해야G한다U

몇몇G대학SG특히G학부중심대학ObaccalaureateGcollegeP에서는G이수G학점수로G계산하기G보다는G이수G과목수로G계산한다UG각G과목은G동일한G가중치를G지니는G것으로G간주되고SG각G과 목에G할당된G가중치에G따라G학생들은GZY개G과목에서G[W개G과목을G이수해야G한다UG어쨌든G 학사학위를G취득하는데G필요한G학업량은G미국G전역에G걸쳐G거의G유사하고SG각G주정부의G법규에G규정되어G있다UG

이러한G미국식G교과목과G학점제도는G대학간G편입O다음G절G참조P이나G여타G부분에서G많은G 장점이G있다UG교수들의G강의부담은G가르치는G과목의G학점수로G결정된다UG공립대학의G경우SG 재정지원이G부분적으로GfullTtimeGequivalentOm{lP로G결정되게G되는데SGm{l는G한G대학에서G 가르치는G모든G학점수를GX\로G나눈G수치이다UG대학내G공간G배정이나G건축G예산G역시G같은G 방식에G의해G결정된다U

대학/전공간 이동

미국에서는G한G학생이G한G대학에G등록해서G학부과정G내내G그G대학에서만G수학하는G경우가G 드물어지고G있는G추세이다UG학사학위G취득자의G]WL가G다수의G대학에서G수학하며SG이G중G절반G정도는G공식적으로G한G대학에서G다른G대학으로G편입한G경우이다U[WPG가장G보편적인G형태의G편입은G전문대학에서G[년제G대학으로G이동하는G것이다UG나머지G절반은SG한G대학에G등록한G상태에서G다른G대학의G수업을G듣는G것으로SG동시에GY개G대학에서G수강하기도G한다UG여러G 대학을G옮겨G다니는G경우도G있는데SG새로운G대학에G등록하기G전에G일정G기간은G등록을G유예O소위G“stoppingGout”라고G함P하기도G한다UG

이렇게G학생의G이동이G가능한G것은G학점제가G학생의G학업G진척G정도를G가늠할G수G있게G해주기G때문이다UG학생들은G한G과목씩G수강하면서G졸업에G필요한G학점을G취득하게G된다UG또한G 취득한G학점은G편입하고자G하는G대학에서G학문적G엄격성이나G학습한G내용이G동등하다고G인정하기만G하면G이전G등록G대학에서G편입하려는G대학으로G이전될G수G있다UG많은G[년제G대학들이GY년제G대학들과G편입관련G협정을G체결하여G학생들의G편입을G돕고G있으며SG어떤G과목이G 편입G후에도G인정되는지를G사전에G결정해G놓는다UG하지만G많은G대학들은SG학생들에게G원하는G시기에G원하는G장소에서G수업을G들을G수G있도록G허용하여G대학교육의G접근기회를G확장하는G문제와SG자기G대학의G학문적G통합성을G유지하고G등록금G수입을G확보하는G문제G두G가지G 사이에서G균형을G맞추기G위해G분투하고G있다U

교양교육

교양교육은G미국대학G학부교육의G독특한G특징이다UG미국의G대학들은G중등교육과정에서G충분한G교육이G이루어졌다거나G대학G입학G시점에G특정G전공분야의G학업을G시작할G준비가G되었다는데G동의하지G않는다UG따라서G거의G모든G대학들은G학생들이G적어도G학부과정의G[분의GXG 또는G그G이상의G시간을SG광범위한G지식G분야O자연과학SG사회과학SG예술SG인문학G등P의G특성이 나G내용에G친숙해지고SG또G영작문이나G수학과G같은G분야에서G일반적인G지적G능력을G개발할G 수G있도록G요구하고G있다UG최근G미국의G많은G대학에서는G미국G사회의G성SG인종SG민족SG사회적G다양성G개념을G소개하는G과정을G이수하도록G요구하고G있다UG더불어G세계G문화의G다양성

[WPGlckelGMGringUGOYWW[PUGhnGoverviewGofGhigherGeducationUGwwwUacenetUeduVbookstoreVpdfVYWW[_G higher_ed_overviewUpdfUG참조UG

TG[ZGT

과G이와G관련된G개념을G소개하는G것이G최근G증가G추세에G있다U

앞서G언급했듯이SG학부G교육과정은G크게G교양교육SG전공교육SG자유선택과목이라는GZ개G유형으로G구분된다UG교양교육과정은SG모든G학생이G동일한G과목을G이수하는G중핵교육과정OcoreG curriculumPSG또는G사전에G구분된G특정G주제G분야O예를G들어G자연과학SG예술G및G미학SG수학SG 인문학G등P의G과목G중에서G골라서G수강하는G영역별G선택교육과정으로G크게G구분된다UG교양교육은G대학G또는G전공에G따라G다르지만G통상G졸업학점의G[분의GXG또는G절반G정도를G이수하게G된다UG나머지G과목들은G전공과G관련된G것이G포함된다UG학교G정책에G따라G다르긴G하지만G보통G학생들은GY학년G진급시G또는GY학년G말에G자신의G전공을G결정한다UG학생들은G자신의G 관심G분야가G변하고G졸업에G필요한G학점을G이수하였다면G전공을G변경할G수도G있다UG또한G학생들은G교양교육과G전공교육에서의G학점이수조건에G따라서SG자격만G갖추고G있다면G어느G분야나G학과의G강좌도G수강할G수G있다UG

교양교육의G목적은G학생들에게G폭G넓은G지식을G제공하고SG국가와G세계사회에서G책임감G있고G교양있는G시민으로G양성하기G위함이다UG교양교육의G목표는G아래와G같은G능력을G개발함에G 있다U

GGXUGO문서SG구두SG수리적인PG의사소통능력

GGYUG비판적G사고능력

GGZUG국가V세계사회의G다양성G안에서G효과적으로G역할을G수행할G수G있는G능력

GG[UG문제해결능력

학부교육의G교육과정은G위에G제시된G목표를G달성할G수G있다고G입증된G최고의G경험을G쌓을G 수G있도록G구조화G되었다UG시험을G치르는G형태의G총괄적인G평가G활동은G별로G이루어지지G않는다UG그보다는G연구보고서SG조별G프로젝트SG전공과G연관된G장기간의G봉사활동SG또는G전공분야에서의G학제간G세미나OinterdisciplinaryGseminarPG형태로G이루어진다UG최근G증가하고G있는G방법G중의G하나는G학생들에게G이전G과정에서의GO경우에G따라G수업시간외G활동OnonTclassroomGactivityP에G대해PG최고의G실적을G포트폴리오SG특히G전자정보G형태의G포트폴리오를G제출하게G하는G것이다UG이러한G“전자G포트폴리오OelectronicGportfolioPI는G학생의G 학습과정에서의G성장G정도와G현재의G성취G수준을G나타내기G위해G고안된G것이다UG

학부교육은G소위G전공분야에서G부딪힐G수G있는G비구조화된G문제에G대처할G수G있는G학생의G 능력을G강화하기G위한G것으로G인식되고G있다UG학부에서G학습하는G기간은G특정G직업분야에G 진출하기G위한G준비G혹은G대학원에G진학하여G학문적이거나G전문화된G분야에서의G공부를G하기G위한G준비G기간이다UG

교수학습에서의 특성

많은G대학에서G학부G과목의G대부분은G강의G및G토론G형태로G수업이G이루어진다UG해당G강좌를G담당하는G교수가G매주GY시간의G강의를G진행한다UG강의시간의G수강생G규모는GYW명에서G 몇백명에G이른다UGO경우에G따라서는G더G큰G경우도G있다PUG매주G한시간은G조별수업OsectionG meetingP이G이루어지는데SG통상GX\TZ\명의G학생들이G수업시간G중에G다루어지거나G읽기과제로G제시된G주제와G관련하여G토론에G참여하게G된다UG조별수업의G경우G종종G대학원생G조교OgraduateGassistantsPG또는G수업조교OteachingGassistantsP가G담당한다UG과학과목의G경우G매

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주GZT[시간G정도의G실험시간이G있는데SG과목에G따라G매우G적은G규모OXW명에서GZW명P로G진행된다UG

최근G들어G단순히G강의를G듣는G수동적인G학습형태를G지양하여G보다G능동적인G학습OactiveG learningP을G강조하고G있다UG능동적인G학습방법은G학생들에게G늘G질문을G던지고SG학생들이G 교실의G각G좌석에G설치된G장비를G이용하여G언제든지G즉각적으로G반응할G수G있도록G하여G학생들이G수업에G적극적으로G참여토록G하는G것이다UG토론시간이나G심지어G대규모의G강의G시간에도G학생들은G소규모G조별G활동을G통해G질문이나G과제를G해결한다UG조별활동에서는G학생들이G학습한G내용을G새로운G문제에G적용하도록G유도하기G위해G교실의G경계를G뛰어넘는G보다G 확장된G과제가G제시되기도G한다UG

점차G많은G교수들이G학생들의G지역사회G활동을G수업활동의G일환으로G포함시키고G있다UG지역사회G활동은G학생들이G프로젝트를G수행하는G사회봉사단체나G관련G기업체에서G이루어지며SG 이는G학생들의G학업과G해당G조직에G실질적으로G유용한G것들이다UG이러한G“봉사학습OserviceG learningP”G후에는G학생들이G관찰한G바에G대한G토의가G이루어지고SG종종G짧은G분량의G감상문OreflectiveGwritingP을G작성하기도G한다UG이러한G교수학습전략은G교실G수업에G생명력을G불어넣고SG학생들이G가까운G미래에G경험하게G될G직무G환경에서의G경험을G제공하며SG때로는G소속G지역사회에G봉사하는G좋은G습관을G심어주기도G한다U

전체G학부생의G\LG미만인G일부G학생만이G대학에서G운영하는G프로그램을G통해G미국을G벗어나G외국에서G공부하는G기회를G얻고G있다UG많은G대학이나G프로그램에서G해외G학습G경험을G 권장하면서SG등록금SG숙식비G등을G일정액G또는G전액G지원하고G있다UG때때로G해외G학습은G인턴십이나G현장학습의G형태로G이루어진다UG많은G수의G학생들이G일하면서G시간제G등록을G통해G 대학을G다니고G있기G때문에SG최근에는G단기간OX주에서G[주G정도P의G해외학습이G증가하고G있다UG

최근G들어G학부생들이G개인G또는G팀G형태로G교수와G함께G연구프로젝트에G참여할G수G있는G 기회가G점점G많아지고G있다UG특히G대규모G대학들의G경우G특히G학부생에게G이러한G기회를G많이G제공하고G있는데SG이G또한G능동적G학습을G강조하는G최근G경향의G한G예라G할G수G있다UG

학생 학습성과에 대한 평가

미국G대학에서G교수자들은G학생들의G학업성취에G대해Gh부터Gm까지Ol는G없음PG등급을G부여하데SGh가G가장G우수한G것으로G간주되고Gm는G낙제를G나타낸다UG학부생들의G경우G평균GjG 또는G그G이상을G유지하는G것이G바람직하며SG대학원생의G경우G평균GiG또는G그G이상을G유지하는G것이G바람직하다UG

합격V불합격OpassGorGfailP제도를G운영하는G대학들도G있다UG해당G과목을G만족할G수준으로G 이수한G학생은G“합격OpassP”G등급을SG그렇지G못한G학생은G“불합격OfailP”G등급을G받는다UG일부G대학의G경우G합격V불합격제도를G선택교과에만G적용하고SG필수교과에는G적용하지G않는다UG 또G대학에G따라G학생의G학업성취에G대해G등급을G부여하기G보다는G서면평가를G실시하기도G한

다U

미국G전역을G아우르는G차원의G시험은G없으며SG일련의G개별G과목들에G대한G지속적인G평가 가G미국G대학의G평가제도라G할G수G있다UG학생의G학업성취도는G부여된G학점G등급의G평균으로G 계산된다UG통상적인G[점G척도를G기준으로SGh학점은G[점SGhT는GZU\점SGi는GZ점SGj는GY점SGk

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의G경우GX점을G획득하게G된다UG한G학생의G평점평균OnwhPSG혹은GqualityGpointG averageOxwhP는G획득한G점수의G합계를G취득한G총학점수로G나누면G계산된다O합격V불합격으로G평가된G강좌는G제외PUG몇몇G주O州P에서는GY학년에서GZ학년으로G진급하기G위해G주O州P차원에G시행되는G시험에G통과해야G한다UG모든G학생은G자신의G성적이G표기된G성적표를G갖게G되며SG학생의G사생활G보호를G위해G학생의G학업성적G정보에G대한G접근은G연방법에G의해G제한되어G있다U

최근G몇G년간G학생의G학업성과G평가에G관한G문제가G많은G토론과G논란의G주제로G떠올랐다UG 한G학생의G성적표에는G각기G다른G과목의G기준을G설정했던G교수자G[W여명의G평가를G나타내고G있다UG하지만G각각의G등급이G실제의G성과와G관련해G어떤G의미가G있는지는G명시되어G있지G 않으며SG특정한G교육적G목표와G연관된G것도G아니다UG더구나G일반G대중이G또는G대학G스스로 도G해당G교육프로그램이G얼마나G효과적으로G기능하고G있는지G가늠할G수G있는G제도가G없다는G 것이다UG

대학의G관점에서G전자포트폴리오O앞G절의G‘교수학습에서의G특성’G참조P는G희망적인G대안이 라G할G수G있다UG물론G이러한G포트폴리오가G한G대학이나G학과의G누적된G교육성과를G드러내지는G않는다G할지라도SG해당G대학이G배출한G학생의G성취도나G자격기준을G보다G종합적인G방법으로G제시하고G있다UG

학교생활과 운동부

미국에서의G대학생활은G기숙사G생활에G의해G크게G영향을G받는다UG대부분의G[년제G대학은G 학기G중G기숙사를G제공한다UG기숙사G생활은G학생들에게G식사와G침실G제공G이외에G다양한G주제에G걸친G프로그램을G제공하는데SGhpkz문제SG알코올G남용SG개인G재무관리SG학습향상기술G 등이G이에G포함된다UG대학들은G이G외에도G다양한G서비스를G제공하는데SG상담소G운영SG진로상담G및G지도SG레크리에이션G및G운동시설SG육아SG교통SG은행SG건강보험SG개인학습지도G등이G있

다UG

또한G대학에는G다양한G종류의G학생조직이나G동아리가G있는데SG학습G관련O예를G들어G전국흑인공학학생회G또는G미국홍보학생회PG뿐만G아니라G운동G관련O예를G들어G럭비G또는G수구PSG 문화∙종교관련O예를G들어G무슬림학생회G또는G아시아학생연합PSG그리고G사교모임G등이G있다UG 대표적인G사교모임은G희랍글자로G상징되는G남학생사교클럽OfraternityP이나G여학생사교클럽OsororityP이G있다UG또G다른G중요한G학생조직으로서G공식적인G조직인G학생회OstudentG governmentP는G학교G내에서G학생이익을G옹호하는G조직으로G인식되고G있다UG그러나G학생회G 회장이G대학기관의G운영위원회에G학생대표로G참여하고G있긴G하지만SG대부분의G경우G학생회의G영향력은G제한적인데SG특히G라틴아메리카나G유럽의G학생회와G비교했을G때에G더욱G그렇다UG

미국G대학생들의G삶을G이야기할G때G빠뜨릴G수G없는G것G중에G하나가G운동부와G관련된G것으로SG일부G대학의G경우G매우G중요한G역할을G한다UG운동부G선수들의G적은G숫자를G고려할G때G 캠퍼스G내에서G운동부가G갖는G영향력은G이례적인G것이다UG명문G운동부의G경우GX년G예산이G 수백만G달러에G이르러G일반적인G학과의G예산을G훨씬G능가하며SG남자농구팀이나G미식축구팀G 감독이G그G대학G내에서G최고연봉자인G경우도G있다UG운동부는G크게G재정수입에G도움이G되는 OrevenueGsportsPG운동부O예를G들어G미식축구SG남자농구G그리고G최근G들어G여자농구G및G일

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부G아이스하키P[XPSG그리고G재정수입에G도움이G되지G않는OnonrevenuePG운동부O예를G들어G육상SG수영SG레슬링SG골프SG테니스SG필드하키SG축구P로G구분된다UG

대부분의G운동부G학생들은G후자의G운동부에G참여하고G있다UG재정수입에G도움이G되는G운동의G경우G매우G상업화되어G전국적인G방송에G중계되기도G한다UG미국G대학G캠퍼스에서G운동부의G위상은G양날의G칼이라G할G수G있다UG운동부는G대학이나G지역사회에G일체감을G촉진하는G촉매G역할을G하고SG또G참여하는G학생에게는G귀중한G교훈을G가르치고G있다UG하지만G일부G비평가들이G“군비경쟁”이라G비판하고G있는G것처럼G대학G기관의G우선순위G설정에G혼선을G야기하고SG각종G스캔들로G오점을G남기고G있다UG

[XPG운동부G운영에G소요되는G비용을G감안했을G때G실제G수익을G창출하고G있는가에G대한G논란이G계속되고G있으나SG 재정수익에G도움이G되는G운동부가G그렇지G못한G운동부G운영을G지원하고G있다U

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제 9장 대학원

학사학위G취득은G대부분의G대학에서G요구하는G대학원G입학의G요건이다UG일부G전문대학원G 과정O예를G들어G법학SG의학SG치의학SG사회복지학P은G오직G대학원G과정에만G개설되어G있다UG대부분의G다른G학문분야의G경우에는G대학원G과정에G개설한G동일한G분야가G학부과정에도G개설되어G있다UG쉽게G말하자면G생물학이나G영어를G학부과정의G전공뿐만G아니라G석사나G박사과정의G전공으로서G선택할G수G있다는G것을G의미한다UG그러나G어떤G분야를G학부과정에서G전공하는G것이G그G분야의G대학원G진학을G위한G필수G조건은G아니다UG예를G들어SG현재G인기G있는G경영학석사OtihPG과정의G경우G특정G전공의G제한G없이G대학원G진학이G가능하지만SG입학G자격G 조건으로GX년G내지GZ년의G직장경력을G점점G더G요구하고G있는G실정이다

c그림G^eG학위G프로그램별G대학원G학생G비율

GOYWWZTW[년G기준P

비학위/비자격증과정

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14%

주의aG반올림으로G인하여G합계가GXWW이G되지G않을G수G있음U

출처aGhmericanGjouncilGonGlducationUOYWW\PUGjollegeGstudentsGtodayaGhGnationalGportraitSG~ashingtonSGkjaG huthorU

학위

미국G대학은G두G종류의G대학원G학위G즉SG석사학위와G박사학위를G수여한다UG대학원에G등록G 중인G학생의G대부분은G석사과정에G재학하고G있다UOc그림G^eG참조PG석사학위를G취득하기G위해서는G분야에G따라G조금G다르긴G하지만SG학사학위G취득G후GX년이나GY년의G교육기간OZW점에서G]W점의G학점P이G요구되며G보통은G연구보고서나G석사논문G또는G원저작물OoriginalG workP을G포함한다UG그러나G전공G실무를G요구하는G일부G분야는G논문G작성이G학위과정의G필

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수G요소는G아니다UG문학석사OtasterGofGartsP와G이학석사OtasterGofGzcienceP외에도G교육학석사OtldPSG경영학석사OtihPSG간호학석사OtzuPSG예술석사OtmhP와G같은G학위들도G있다UG 예술석사는G일반적으로G해당G분야에서G최종G학위로G간주된다U

G박사학위는G미국G대학이G수여하는G최고의G학술G학위이다UGc그림G^e에서G보는G것처럼SG대학원G등록G학생G중GX[L의G학생들이G박사과정에G재학하고G있다UG연구G분야에서는G보통G철학박사OwhkP라는G명칭으로G수여된다UG이G학위는G학사취득G후G최소GY년G이상의G교육과정을G거쳐SG구두시험과G지필시험을G포함한G종합시험을G성공적으로G통과하여SG중요한G연구G주제에G 대한G학위논문을G완성하는G것을G의미한다UG교육분야에서G학생들은G철학박사OwhkPG또는G교육학박사OldkP학위를G받는다UG후자는G연구G중심의G학위이기보다는G더G실용G중심의G학위이다UG 그리고G이G외에도G의학박사OtkPSG치의학박사OkkzPSG법학박사OqkPSG신학박사OkkP라는G학위명으로G수여되는데SG이러한G학위들은G학문적인G연구능력G보다는G전문직업분야G대한G강도G높은G준비를G의미한다U

입학

대학원G입학은G대학G기관차원에서G담당하기G보다는G학과나G단과대학이G담당한다UG비전문대학원OnonprofessionalPG분야에서G공통으로G사용되는G대학G차원의G입학신청서G양식이G있지만SG입학에G대한G의사결정은G학생이G지원하는G특정G프로그램에서G결정된다UG이G분야에G진학을G희망하는G학생들은G미국G교육평가원OlducationalG{estingGzerviceSGl{zP이G주관하는G표준화G시험인GnylO대학입학자격시험anraduateGyecordGlxaminationP의G점수를G제출해야한다UG법학SG의학SG치의학G전문대학원의G경우G자체적인G입학G절차를G거쳐야G한다UG이러한G분야 들의G경우G의학입문시험이나G법학입문시험과G같이G해당G분야에G특화된G시험G점수를G중요한G 결정요소로G사용한다UG일반적으로G학부G성적SG하나G이상의G표준화시험G점수SG학부G출신G학과 의G추천서G등이G입학G신청의G중요한G요소들이다U

재정지원

YWW[TW\년의G주내G출신OinTstatePG전일제G대학원생의G평균G등록금은G공립학교의G경우G ]SW_W달러G그리고G사립학교의G경우GX]S``_달러였다U[YPG전일제G대학원G과정에G등록한G `YZSWWW명의G학생들G가운데SG_^L가G융자금OloanP을G포함하여G어떤G형태로든G재정지원을G받았다U[ZPG그리고G시간제G등록생의G경우GX`WSZWW명G중G]\L가G재정지원을G받았다U[[PG대체적으로G전문대학원O예를G들어G법학SG의학SG치의학SG수의학SG사회복지학SG경영학G등P의G경우에는G 재정지원이G제한적이다UG따라서G등록금G전액을G납부할G수G없는G학생들은G먼저G학자금G대출을G이용하고SG학위를G마친G후에G융자금을G상환하게G된다UG다른G분야의G경우G다양한G형태의G 재정G지원이G가능하며SG여기에는G전액G장학금에서부터G학부생의G시험G또는G과제를G채점하거나G실험실습을G돕는G시간제G근로G등이G포함된다UG때로는G재정지원이G입학G절차의G한G과정이G

[YPG|UzUGkepartmentGofGlducationSGuationalGjenterGforGlducationGztatisticsUGkigestGofGeducationG statisticsSGYWW\GOujlzGYWW]TWZWPU

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되기도G한다UG재정G지원의G가장G흔한G형태로는G학자금G융자OloansP와G대학원G수업조교장학금OteachingGfellowshipsGandGgrantsP이G있다UG수업조교장학금을G받는G대학원생들은G대규모G 학부G강좌의G조별G토론G수업을G진행하거나SG과학과목의G실험수업을G진행하는G일을G대략G반일G근무OhalfTtimeGworkP에G준하는G시간G동안O주당GYW시간씩PG담당하게G된다UG과학분야의G 경우에는G대학원생G연구G장학금을G지급하고G있다UG이밖에도G학부생G상담과G같은G실질적인G 시간제G근로도G가능하다UG다른G종류의G재정G지원G방법으로는G조교수당SG고용주G분담OemployerGcontributionPSG그리고G등록금G면제OtuitionGwaiverP가G있다UG

많은G학생들SG특히나G경영학SG교육학SG사회복지학G전공자는G정규직G고용상태를G유지하면서G 시간제로G대학원G과정을G다니고G있다UG하지만G의학SG치의학SG수의학G등과G같은G전문직업분야 의G대학원G과정G그리고G일부G박사학위G과정의G경우G전일제G등록이G요구된다U

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제 10장 외국인 유학생

YWW\TW]년에G미국에서G수학한G외국인G유학생은G대략G\]만G명으로G이중G[ZL가G학부과정에SG[\L가G대학원G과정에SG그리고G나머지GXYL가G기타G프로그램에G등록하였다U[\P

미국G내G외국인G유학생에G관한G보다G자세한G정보는GhttpaVVopendoorsUiienetworkUorgV를G방문하여G 국제교육협회OpplP의G연차보고서GvpenGkoors를G참조하거나SGwwwUacnetUeduVpdfVstudentsontheG moveUpdfU를G방문하여G미국교육협의회OhjlP의GztudentsGonGtoveaG{heGmutureGofGpnternationalG ztudentsGinGtheG|nitedGztates를G참조하기G바란다U

입학

미국G대학이G외국인G유학생에게G요구하는G입학G자격G요건G및G절차는G각G학교마다G상이하다UG미국G대학O교P에G진학하고자G하는G외국인G유학생은G입학G지원에G필요한G학업G성적G취득G 및G자격G시험을G치러야G하기G때문에G적어도G지원서G접수G마감일G일년G전부터G입학G준비를G 시작해야G한다UG지원G마감일은G학생이G입학하고자G하는G학기G시작G시점인G_월을G기준으로G 이른G경우G전년도GXW월GX일부터G늦은G경우G]월GX일까지G다양하다UG

미국의G고등교육G기관에G입학하고자G하는G외국인G유학생은G진학을G희망하는G기관의G입학G 자격요건G외에도G영어능력G자격요건과G입국G관련G사항G또한G확인해야G한다UG모국어가G영어가G아닌G국가의G지원자들은G영어능력G증명시험G결과를G제출해야G한다UG대부분의G미국G대학들은G{vlmsOwwwUtoeflUorgVedtstprogUhtmlG참조PG점수를G요구한다UG몇몇G기관의G경우G tlshiO미시간대학영어평가시험PSGhspn|O조지타운대학미국영어연구소P시험G결과를G요구할G 수G있다UG많은G미국G대학O교P들은G또한G외국인G유학생의G입학을G위해G별도로G추가G시험G성적을G요구하기도G한다UG각G대학의G입학G신청G절차는G해당G대학G입학을G위해G어떤G시험을G치러야G하는지G그리고G그G시험에G어떻게G응시해야G하는지를G자세히G명시하고G있다U

외국인G유학생들이G자국에서G이수한G교육G과정의G인정에G관한G정보는GhmericanGhssociationGofG jollegiateGyegistrarsGandGhdmissionsGvfficers를G통해G확인할G수G있다UGOwwwUaacraoUorgG참조PG 또한SG상당히G많은G수의G기관들이G미국G대학O교PG및G외국인G유학생들에게G교육G자격G평가G서비스를G제공하는데SGuationalGhssociationGofGjredentialGlvaluationGzervices는G이G같은G기관들을G회원으로G하는G협의체이다UGOwwwUnacesUorgG참조P

재정 지원

공립G기관에G입학하는G외국인G유학생들은G해당G주G이외G지역G출신G학생들과G동일한G금액

[\PGpnstituteGofGpnternationalGlducationUGOYWW]PUGvpenGdoorsGYWW]aGyeportGonGinternationalGeducationalG exchangeUGuewGYorkaGhuthorU

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의G등록금을G납부한다UG일부G기관들은G외국인G유학생들에게G높은G금액의G입학전형료를G부과 하는데G이는G외국의G학생의G입학G지원을G처리하는데G추가적으로G소요되는G비용을G충족하기G 위해서이다UG

미국의G외국인G유학생G중G]YL가G자비G유학생이다U[]PG외국인G유학생G중G약G[분의GX은G재학중인G기관으로부터G재정G지원을G받으며SG매우G낮은G비율OXL미만P의G학생이G미국G정부로부터G재정G지원을G받는다U[^PG엄밀히G말해서SG미국G연방G정부에서G외국인G유학생들에게G주는G 재정G지원은G거의G없다UG그러나G미국G정부는G외국인G대학원G유학생들을G위한G풀브라이트G프로그램을G포함SG몇G가지G주요G프로그램을G통해G외국인G유학생들에게G제한된G수의G장학금을G 제공한다UG풀브라이트G프로그램은G미연방G국무성O전G미연방해외공보처PG소속G교육문화부의G 국제교육원이G관리한다UG미국국제개발처O|zhpkPG또한G보통G해외에서의G임무를G통해G이루어지는G국제G개발을G위한G교육G훈련G프로그램을G지원한다UG외국인G유학생들에게G제공되는G재정적G지원이G매우G적기G때문에SG대부분의G미국G고등교육G기관은G외국인G유학생의G입학지원G 시G학비G및G체제비와G그G외G기타비용을G지불할G수G있는G경제력G증명을G요구한다UG하지만GY 년차가G되면G재정지원을G받을G수G있는G기회가G증가한다U

대부분의G대학G재정지원O예를G들어G대학G장학금SG수업조교직SG연구조교직G제공G등P은G모든G

학생들에게G제공되며SG특히G한G학년을G마친G이들에게G더G많은G기회가G열려G있다UG소수의G기관들만이G제한된G범위의G외국인G유학생들을G위한G장학금을G제공한다U

비자

미국에서G수학하는G외국인G유학생들에게G부여되는G가장G일반적인G비자는GmTXO비이민PG학생비자이다UGmTX비자G소지자는G평가인증된G미국G대학O교P에서G수학하거나SG대학교G혹은G어학원의G집중영어교육G프로그램에서G수학한다UGI교환방문자I로G알려진GqTX비자G소지자는G대체로G교육G및G문화G교환G프로그램에G참가하며SGtTX비자G소지자는G보통G직업교육이나G훈련을G받는다UGYWW\년에는G총G^]]SW\Y명의G학생들이G위G세G가지G비자G중G하나로G미국에G입국했다U[_PG

일반적으로G학생G비자G취득을G위한G과정은G비자G신청G전에G학생이G입학할G미국의G대학O교PG혹은G프로그램G스폰서로부터Gzl}pzO학생교환방문정보시스템PG관련서류OpTYWG혹은G kzTYWX`P를G받는G것부터G시작한다UG학생은G또한G비자G신청서를G빠짐없이G꼼꼼히G작성하여G 미국대사관의G인터뷰G시G제출하여야G하며SGzl}pzG및GvisaG수수료를G지불해야G한다UG학생G비자G및G비자G발급에G관한G정보는G전세계G미국교육상담센터에서G얻을G수G있다U

OhttpaVVeducationusaUstateUgovG참조P

미국G유학에G관심G있는G외국인G학생들을G위한G정보는GjollegeGioard의GpnternationalGztudentG oandbookGYWW^OwwwUcollegeboardUorgG참조P과G국제교육원OpplPGmundingGforG|nitedGztatesG ztudyGYWW^aGhGnuideGforGpnternationalGztudentsGandGzcholarsGandGpntensiveGlnglishG|zhG YWW\GOwwwUiieUorgG참조P에서도G얻을G수G있다U

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TG\YGT

제 11장 고등교육 관련 협회

고등교육G기관이나G관계G인사O혹은G둘G다P를G회원으로G하는G고등교육G관련G협회는G다수의G 목적을G지닌G경우가G많다UG이G협회들은G집단SG행정업무분야SG또는G전문분야나G학문분야별로G 교육기관들을G대표한다UG또한G몇몇G협회들은G대학의G이해관계를G연방정부나G주정부에G대변하는G역할을G주로G수행하기도G한다UG협회는G고등교육G전반G혹은G특정G분야에G있어G이해관계에G있는G정책을G지지한다UG몇몇G대학은G주정부나G연방정부의G정책에G대응하기G위한G직원을G 별도로G채용하는G경우도G있다UG이들은G주정부의G지원금이나G연방정부의G연구계약G체결G등G 해당대학의G이해관계에G초점을G두고G있다UG

협회는G전문능력개발을G위한G연수프로그램이나G서비스SG해당G분야에서의G모범사례에G대한G 정보G등을G회원에게G제공한다UG또한G토론의G장으로서의G역할도G하게G되는데G관련G분야에G대한G정기간행물을G발간하거나SG해당G학문분야O학술단체인G경우P나G직능영역O기관단위G혹은G행정영역별G단체인G경우P에G초점을G맞춘G회합을G개최하게G된다UG

회원가입은G자발적이며G협회의G기본G조직G유지SG프로그램G운영SG출판물G발간G등을G위해G 회비를G납부하게G된다UG또한G매년G전국적인G규모의G연차대회를G개최하며G여기에G참가하려는G 회원은G등록비를G납부해야G한다UG회의석상에서G협회G관련G업무가G이루어지기도G하지만SG주된G내용은G연설SG정책G포럼SG특정G주제에G대한G토론G그룹SG네트워킹G등이다UG이러한G연차대회는G공통의G관심사를G가진G인사들이G의견을G교환하고G연락을G유지하는데G목적이G있다UG

기관회원 협회

전미교육협회OhmericanGjouncilGonGlducationSGhjlP는G미국G고등교육계의G가장G중요한G 대학간G자율조정G기구이다UOwwwUacenetUeduG참조PGhjl에는G평가인증을G받은GX_WW여G개의G 학위수여G교육기관SG고등교육관련G협회SG기구SG기업체가G회원G또는G준회원으로G가입되어G있다UG여타G고등교육관련G단체와의G협의G및G합의를G통해G전국적으로SG특히G연방정부에G대해SG 고등교육에G대한G목소리를G내는G것이Ghjl의G목적이다UG또한Ghjl는G\W개G고등교육G관련G 협회의G기관장이G모이는G포럼인G워싱턴G고등교육G사무국O~ashingtonGoigherGlducationG zecretariatSG~olzP을G주관한다UG

hjl의G회원기구는G다양한G유형의G대학과G대학G내의G다양한G분야를G대표하고G있다UG이들G 기구의G기능은G유사하나G각기G세부적인G영역을G관장한다UG~olz에는G대학G총장을G대변하는G ]개G종류의G“총장협회OpresidentialGassociationP”가G있다UGOXPhjlSGOYP주요G연구중심대학의G 대표기구인G미국대학연합OhssociationGofGhmericanG|niversitiesSGhh|PSGOZP토지불하대학OlandTgrantGcollegesP과G거점주립대학을G대표하는G전국주립대학․토지불하대학연합G OuationalGhssociationGofGztateG|niversitiesGandGsandTnrantGjollegesSGuhz|snjPO역자G 주aG현재는GhssociationGofGwublicGandGsandTgrantG|niversitiesSGh۰w۰s۰|로G명칭을G변경하였음PSGO[P공립G주립대학을G회원으로G하는G전미주립대학연합OhmericanGhssociationGofG ztateGjollegesGandG|niversitiesSGhhzj|PSGO\P전미Y년제대학연합OhmericanGhssociationG ofGjommunityGjollegesSGhhjjPSGO]P전국사립대학연합OuationalGhssociationGofG pndependentGjollegesGandG|niversitiesSGuhpj|P

TG\ZGT

특정G기능이나G분야SG교육기관을G대표하는G단체로는G전미간호대학협회OhmericanG hssociationGofGjollegesGofGuursingPSG전미대학교수협회OhmericanGhssociationGofG |niversityGwrofessorsPSG고등교육평가인증협의회OjouncilGforGoigherGlducationG hccreditationSGZWWW개G이상의G대학과G평가기구가G회원임PG등을G들G수G있다UG또한G전국대학재정담당자협회OuationalGhssociationGofGjollegeGandG|niversityGiusinessGvfficersP처럼G 대학을G회원으로G하지만SG재무SG예산G등과G같이G특정G업무를G담당하는G개인이G가입하는G단체도G있다UG

개별기관을G대표하는G협회G뿐G아니라G협회를G대표하는G협회도G존재한다UG예를G들어G교육문화교류연합OhllianceGforGlducationalGandGjulturalGlxchangeP은G^^개의G비정부기구를G 회원으로G한다UG이들G기구는G교육과G문화G교류의G증진을G위한G정책을G형성하거나G뒷받침하는데G힘을G쏟고G있다UGOwwwUallianceTexchangeUorgG참고P

개인회원 협회

기관이G아닌G개인을G회원으로G하는G협회는G대부분G학사행정가협회와G같이G대학의G특정G직위에G있는G개인이G소속된다UG학장OacademicGdeanPSG학적담당관OregistrarPSG국제교류처장OinternationalGprogramGdirectorsPSG학사지도교수OacademicGadvisersPSG소수민족학생처장OdirectorsGofGprogramsGforGminorityGstudentsPSG학생과G담당관OstudentGlifeG administratorsPG들은G각자G연대하여G거대한G조직을G구성하기도G한다UG이들G조직에는G중앙G 이사회가G있으며G전국적인G활동을G펼친다UG가장G좋은G예는G바로G국제교육자협회인Guhmzh 이다UGuhmzh의G회원은G교환학생G및G유학생G상담G등G국제교류분야의G전문가이다UG

다양한G학문분야나G하위G세부분야에서의G학술활동이나G교육과G관련한G학회G역시G개인을G 회원으로G둔다UG전미정치학협회OhmericanGwoliticalGzcienceGhssociationPSG전미심리학협회OhmericanGwsychologicalGhssociationPSG현대언어협회OtodernGsanguageGhssociationP가G 그G예이다UG

TG\[GT

제 12장 고등교육분야의 정책 과제

책무성

연방정부SG주O州P의회G의원SG정책결정자SG그리고G일반G국민들은G미국의G고등교육기관이G학생의G학습이나G투명한G업무처리G등에서G보다G책임감G있는G모습을G보일G것을G기대하며G점점G 더G많은G압력을G가하고G있다UG더군다나G연방정부나G주정부뿐G만G아니라G학생SG학부모SG재정지원자OfunderP까지도G점증하는G교육비용SG학생의G학업성과SG졸업률SG교육과G연구간의G균형유지SG그리고G지역사회에G대한G대학의G기여도G등에G대해G문제제기를G하고G있다UG비록G대학들이G신입생들의G입학시험G점수SG평가인증을G받은G프로그램의G수SG연방정부나G주정부G관련G 규정에G대한G준수SG소속교수들의G연구논문수G등의G수치를G서류로G입증할G수는G있지만SG대학교육의G효과성과G관련된G다른G수치들을G고려한다면G문제는G더욱G복잡해진다UG

가장G크게G문제시되는G분야는G학생들의G학습성과를G입증하는G것이다UG고등교육분야에서G 학생의G학습에G대한G증거를G제시하는G것이G매우G어려운G과제인데SG이는G학습성과G자체가G대학간G비교나G전국적으로G순위를G매기는G것이G불가능하기G때문이다UG학생의G학습성과를G입증하는G일은G중등교육분야에G비해G고등교육분야에서G특히G더G어려운데SG이는G대학들의G교육이 념이나G교육과정이G훨씬G다양하기G때문이다UG현재G전국적으로G대학생의G학습성과를G어떻게G 측정하고G또G어떻게G입증할G것인가G하는G문제에G대한G논의가G진행G중이며SG대학G경영진G역시G자기G대학에서G실제로G학습이G이뤄지고G있음을G증명할G방법을G찾아야만G하는G중대한G과 제에G직면해G있다UG물론G미국G고등교육분야의G대학평가를G담당하는G지역별G평가인증기구들은G대학이G기대하는G학습성과와G성과평가를G수행하고G있다는G사실을G입증하도록G요구하고G 있다UG하지만SG학습성과가G무엇이어야G하는지G명확히G제시하거나G평가결과G보고서나G관련G 자료들을G해당G대학의G동의G없이G대중에게G공개하지는G못하고G있다UG

대학교육의G책무성OaccountabilityPSG접근성OaccessPSG기회균등OequityPG그리고G이용가능성OaffordabilityPG문제는G지난GYWW\년G교육부장관인GtargaretGzpellings가G임명해G구성된G미래고등교육위원회OjommissionGonGtheGmutureGofGoigherGlducationP에서G논의된G중심G주제였다UG이G위원회는GYWW]년G‘시험에G처한G리더십aG미국G고등교육의G미래를G가늠하며OhG {estGofGseadershipaGjhartingGtheGmutureGofG|UzUGoigherGlducationP라는G보고서를G발간했는데SG이G보고서에서는G미국의G대학들과G대학평가인증기관들이G학생들의G학업성과SG기관차원의G재정지원G절차SG졸업률과G같은G정보들을G정책결정자에게G제공해G줄G수G있을G때G보다G 정확한G의사결정G이루어질G수G있을G것이라고G지적하고G있다U[`PG이G보고서에서는G대학들이G 대학교육의G비용SG가격SG학생의G성취G등을G투명하게G일반대중에게G공개할G때G책무성이G개선될G수G있을G것이라고G제안하고G있다U

접근성과 기회균등

[`PG|UzUGkepartmentGofGlducationUGOYWW]PUGhGtestGofGleadershipaGjhartingGtheGfutureGofG|UzUGhigherG educationUG~ashingtonSGkjaGnovernmentGwrintingGvfficeUGwwwUedUgovVaboutVbdscommVlistVG hiedfutureVreportsVpreTpubTreportUpdfUG참조U

TG\\GT

미국도G역시G여타G국가와G마찬가지로G교육의G힘이G사회경제적인G계층이동을G가능하게G할G 것이란G대중적인G믿음이G있다UG교육이G사회경제적G계층이동의G동력이라G생각하는G일반G대중의G인식은G가난한G가정G출신의G대학G졸업자가G부유한G가정G출신의G대학G졸업자와G비슷한G수입과G취업률을G기록한다는G사실에서도G다시G한번G확인된다U\WPG그리고G일반적으로G대학G졸업자의G소득이G고등학교G졸업자보다G높다UG미국G인구조사통계국O|UzUGjensusGiureauP의G YWW\년도G미국인구조사통계OhmericanGjommunityGzurveyPG결과에G따르면SG대학G졸업자의G 연평균G소득이G[ZS`\[달러인G반면SG고등학교G졸업자의G연평균G소득은GY\S_Y`달러였다U\XP

지난GZW년G동안G연방정부의G정책SG연방정부G재정지원의G활용가능성G증가와G더불어G각G대학의G다양한G지원책을G통해G고등교육에의G접근성이G놀랄G만큼G확대되었으며SG특히G그동안G 대학교육의G수혜가G적었던G소수인종이나G저소득층의G경우에G더G그러하다UGX`]W년대는G흑인이나G유색인종G학생들에게G고등교육의G문호가G개방되는G대장정의G출발점이었다UG고등교육G 수혜율이G낮은G집단에게G접근기회를G보장하기G위한G의도적인G노력으로G추진된G“소수자G우대정책OaffirmativeGactionP”이G비록G최근G몇몇G소송사건으로G도전을G받고G있긴G하지만SG배타적인G정책이나G관행으로G인해G한때는G대학G입학이G아예G불가능했던G유색인종G학생들의G진학기회가G이G정책을G통해G증가한G것은G엄연한G사실이다UG

하지만G이러한G노력에도G불구하고SG저소득층이나G소수인종G집단은G여전히G고등교육G참여G 정도가G상대적으로G적다UG백인학생과G소수인종학생O아시아계의G경우는G예외P간G고등교육G등록률의G불일치는G여전하고G이는G졸업률에서도G마찬가지이다UG비록G흑인SG히스패닉SG아메리카원주민G학생들의G고등교육G참여율이G이전보다G증가했다고는G하지만G등록률이나G졸업률에서G 여전히G백인학생에G뒤지고G있다UG인종G및G민족에G따른G등록률의G차이는G앞서G_장G학부학생의G특성G부분을G참조하기G바란다U

백인학생과G소수인종학생G사이의G불일치는G[년제G대학생의G졸업률에서도G나타난다UG대학과정G입학후G\년이G지난G뒤G학사학위G취득률을G보면SG아시아계학생이G]YL로G가장G높고SG다 음이G백인학생으로G\_L이며SG히스패닉학생이G[YLSG흑인학생의G경우GZ]L에G불과하다U\YPG[ 년제G대학에서G학업을G시작한G학생G중G백인학생의GX`L는G\년이G지난G후G학위를G취득하지G 못하거나G더G이상G대학에G등록하지G않았는데SG이러한G수치는G흑인학생의GZWLSG히스패닉학생의GY`LSG아시아계학생의GX\L라는G수치와G대비되는G것이다O아메리카원주민학생의G경우G 그G수치가G너무G적어G신뢰도가G낮으므로G언급하지G않음PU\ZP

저소득층G학생의G대학입학기회G또한G증가하였다UG하지만G소득G계층간G불일치G역시G여전히G 존재한다UGYWWZ년도에G저소득층G출신으로G[년제G대학G입학자격을G갖춘G학생의G대학진학률은G\WL에G이르러GZW년전의GYWLG비하면G높은G수치임에G틀림없으나SG고소득층G출신의G경우G 그G수치가G_WL에G육박한다UG\[PG저소득층G학생과G고소득층G학생의G대학교육G참여율을G살펴보면SG저소득층G출신의G학업성취도가G높은G학생의G진학률과G고소득층G출신의G학업성취도가G 낮은G학생의G진학률이G비슷한G것으로G나타났다U\\PGYWWZ년도에G저소득층G학생의G`L만이GY[

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고등교육의 이용가능성

고등교육에G대한G접근성G문제는G공공정책의G일차적인G목적일G뿐만G아니라G각G대학들의G정책G우선순위에서G오랫동안G수위를G점하고G있는데G반해SG고등교육의G이용가능성OaffordabilityPG문제의G경우G최근G들어서야G논란의G중심에G서게G되었다UG지난GXW년G동안G[ 년제G공립대학의G등록금은G\XL나G증가하였고O물가상승률을G감안한G수치PSG[년제G사립대학의G경우GZYLSGY년제G대학의G경우GYWL가G증가하였다U\^PG과거GXW년간G연평균G상승률이G사립G[년제의G경우GZLSG공립G[년제의G경우G[LSGY년제의G경우GYLG정도로G안정적이라G할지라도S\_PG이러한G등록금G인상G추세는G고등교육의G이용가능성에G대해G논란을G증폭시키게G되었

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새로운G과학기술의G교육G및G연구현장G도입SG의료보험SG대학교육의G노동집약적인G특성G등이G등록금G인상의G요인이G되었다UG게다가G전체G대학생의G^\L가G수학하는G공립대학의G경우G 주정부의G고등교육예산G삭감이G등록금G인상의G주된G원인이다UG물론G많은G대학들이G비용절감과G동시에G동창회나G각종G재단SG기업체로부터의G기부금G확대SG그리고G평생교육시설운영이나G 기술이전과G같은G수익증대G활동을G벌이고G있긴G하지만SG학생G등록금은G여전히G고등교육G재정수입의G중요한G원천이다UG몇몇G연방정부G관리나G주정부의G정책결정자들이G계속해서G치솟는G대학등록금G문제는G대학들의G비용관리가G부실한G탓이라G주장하고G있지만SG많은G대학경영진들은G대학을G효율적으로G운영하고G있으며SG제한된G여건에도G불구하고G절약을G통해G문제를G 해결하고G있다U

대학교육비와G관련한G추가G정보는Ghjl에서G발간한G‘대학교육G비용의G맥락G들춰보기OwuttingG jollegeGjostsGintoGjontextOYWW[PP를G참조하기G바람UGwwwUacenetUeduVGbookstoreVpdfVG YWW[_college_costsUpdfU에서G이용가능함U

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최근G들어G평생교육OlifelongGlearningP이G점차G중요한G정책이슈로G떠오르고G있다UG세계G시장은G기술과G혁신에G의해G움직이고SG평생학습이G장기적인G성공전략의G중요G요소임에G틀림없다UG`천만명G이상의G성인학습자OY\세G이상P들이G기본적인G성인교육과G제Y외국어로서의G영어교육SG직업관련G교육SG그리고G개인능력개발과정과G같은G고등학교과정G이상의G형식V비형식G교육에G참여하고G있는G것으로G추산된다UG이중에서G약G]백\십만명이G전문대학SG대학SG혹은G기술교육기관의G학점인정G프로그램에G등록하고G있다U\`P

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이러한G수치들은G다양한G범위의G성인학습자O이민자SG직무전환G배치G근로자SG저소득층G및G 고령학습자G등P들이G대학교육의G접근기회와G성공을G위한G지원을G필요로G하고G있음을G보여준다UG또한G이는G대학SG주정부SG그리고G연방정부G차원의G정책결정자들에게G재정지원과G사전학업성과평가OprioriGlearningGassessmentPG등G도전이자G기회가G되는G다양한G문제들을G던져주고G있다UG

현역군인이나G군전역자G그리고G많은G근로자들이G대학G등록금G관련G재정지원을G받고G있는G 반면SG상당수의G성인학습자들을G위한G고등교육G재정지원G문제는G아직도G넘어야G할G산이다UG 제Y외국어로서의G영어교육과정에서부터G대학원과정에G이르기까지G성인학습자들을G위한G재정지원G문제는G대학교육G비용이나G이용가능성OaffordabilityP과G관련한G국가G차원의G정책적G 논의에서G상당한G간극을G보이는G사안이다UG이G문제에G대한G여러G해결책G중G하나인G평생학습계좌OlifelongGlearningGaccountSGsishP는G몇몇G주에서G입법화되었으며SG최근G상원을G통과하였다U]WPG일부G주O펜실베니아주G등P에서는G시간제등록G성인학습자들을G위한G장학금G지원제도 를G도입하였다U]XPG오리건G주나G메릴랜드주의G경우G비숙련기술자나G저소득층을G위해G교육경로OeducationalGpathwaysP를G지원하고G있다U]YPG

직장이나G여타G환경에서G이루어진G대학수준의G교육에G대한G인정을G통해SG사전학업성과평가OpriorGlearningGassessmentSGwshPT직장내G교육훈련SG대학과정이수자격시험OchallengeG examsPSG포트폴리오에G대한G평가를G통해T는G성인학습자들이G고등교육과정을G마칠G수G있는G 기회를G증가시켜G주었다UGhjl는G군대에서G이루어진G사전학업성과를G평가하여G학점을G인정하는G프로그램을G운영하고G있으며OhttpaVVmilitaryguidesUacenetUeduG참조PSGjollegeGjreditG yecommendationGzervice를G통해G직장내G교육훈련을G평가하여G학점인정하고G있다U

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국제화

많은G미국G고등교육기관들이G교육과정이나G연구G혹은G봉사분야에서G국제화를G추진하기G위한G노력을G강화하고G있다UG원격통신의G발달SG세계경제의G상호의존성G증가SG보건G혹은G위생문제의G세계화G추세SG안보문제G등으로G인해G대학생들이G지역사회G및G세계사회의G시민으로서G

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TG\_GT

생산적으로G기여할G수G있고SG또G다문화V다국적G근무환경에서G제G역할을G담당할G수G있으며SG 국가SG개인G그리고G전세계가G복잡다기하게G얽혀G있다는G것을G이해하는G것이G필요하다UG외부환경의G변화는G미국G대학들에게G상당한G도전과제를G안겨주고G있는데SG교육과정의G국제화SG 해외로G유학가거나G미국으로G유학G오는G학생수의G증가SG그리고G국제적G협력활동의G강화G등이G그것이다UG예를G들어G모든G과목의G등록률G중G언어관련G과목의G등록률은GX`]W년G이후G꾸준히G감소하고G있으며SG해외G유학이G점차적으로G증가하고G있다고는G하나SGYWW\년도G기준으로GX천^백\십만명의G고등교육기관G재학생G중G고작GYW]SWWW명만이G해외G유학G경험을G갖고G 있을G뿐이다U][PG대부분의G대학들은G다른G문화나G국가와G관련된G강좌를G교양교육과정G이수조건으로G정하고G있지G않다UG대학의G국제화G전략을G어떻게G수립할G것인지G그리고G그G국제화G 전략이G대학의G장기발전전략에G어떻게G부합하는지G하는G문제들은G개별G대학이G결정하고G있다U

연방정부G차원의G국제교류SG외국어G교육SG국제협력활동에G대한G지원은G별로G많지G않은G실정이다UG국제교류를G증진하기G위한GmulbrightG프로그램이GX`[]년에G시작되어G학생SG학자SG 교수교류를G지원하고G있다UGX`\W년대와G]W년대에는G주요G연구중심대학O및G일부G다른G대학P 에G학제간G지역학연구G프로그램이G개발되어G라틴아메리카SG아프리카SG러시아SG유럽SG중동SG아 시아에G대한G연구가G이루어졌다UG이들G프로그램은G여전히G존재하긴G하지만SG시작G당시에G비해G재정지원G불변가격으로GZ\LG정도G감소하였다UG이들G프로그램은G세계G다른G지역의G언어SG 정치SG사회SG문화G분야에G대한G연구를G지원하고G있다UG일부G소규모G프로그램의G경우G희소G언어OlessGcommonlyGtaughtGlanguagePG연구를G지원하고G있다UG

미국G정부나G기업체들은G아랍어SG중국어SG페르시아어G등G전략적으로G중요한G언어에G능통한G인력이G부족하다는G문제를G절감하고G있다UG장기적인G프로젝트로서의G언어전문가G육성책에G관하여G국가차원에서G상당한G논의들이G진행되고G있다UG국가안보교육프로그램OuationalG zecurityGlducationGwrogramSGwwwUiieUorgVprogramsVnsepVdefaultUhtmG참조P과G같은G프로 그램들을G통해G학부생과G대학원생들에게G아프리카SG아시아SG중부G및G동부G유럽SG유라시아SG 라티아메리카SG중동G등의G지역으로G유학할G수G있는G기회를G제공하고G있다UG또한G시범운영을G 통해G초등교육G수준부터G대학교육G수준에G이르기까지G희귀언어를G가르치는G새로운G접근법을G 개발하고G있는G과정에G있다U

][PGpnstituteGofGpnternationalGlducationUGvpenGdoorsGYWW]U

TG\`GT

미국 대학교육의 현황과 과제

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